Question:
describe the emitter base on voltage for a npn bjt between 25 degrees C to 90 degrees C
Answer:
Certainly, let's use some example values to illustrate the temperature-dependent behavior of the emitter-base voltage (VBE) for an NPN BJT. Keep in mind that these values are for explanatory purposes and might not exactly match real-world transistor models.
Let's assume the following parameters:
describe the emitter base on voltage for a npn bjt between 25 degrees C to 90 degrees C
Answer:
Certainly, let's use some example values to illustrate the temperature-dependent behavior of the emitter-base voltage (VBE) for an NPN BJT. Keep in mind that these values are for explanatory purposes and might not exactly match real-world transistor models.
Let's assume the following parameters:
- VBE0 (at 25°C): 0.7 V
- dTdVBE (temperature coefficient): -2 mV/°C
- (reference temperature): 25°C
- At 25°C: =0.7 VVBE=0.7V
- At 50°C: =0.7 V−(−0.002 V/°C⋅(50−25))=0.7 V−0.05 V=0.65 VVBE=0.7V−(−0.002V/°C⋅(50−25))=0.7V−0.05V=0.65V
- At 75°C: =0.7 V−(−0.002 V/°C⋅(75−25))=0.7 V−0.1 V=0.6 VVBE=0.7V−(−0.002V/°C⋅(75−25))=0.7V−0.1V=0.6V
- At 90°C: =0.7 V−(−0.002 V/°C⋅(90−25))=0.7 V−0.13 V=0.57 VVBE=0.7V−(−0.002V/°C⋅(90−25))=0.7V−0.13V=0.57V
Question: Can one use such a bjt as a temperature sensor?
Answer:
Yes, a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) can be used as a temperature sensor, and this is a common application of BJTs. The temperature-dependent behavior of the BJT's base-emitter voltage (VBE) makes it suitable for temperature sensing applications.
When a BJT is operated in the active region (where it's biased to allow a moderate collector current to flow), its VBE voltage drops with increasing temperature. This characteristic can be exploited to create a simple temperature sensor circuit. Here's how it works:
Temperature Sensor Circuit: By connecting the base-emitter junction of an NPN BJT in forward-biased mode, you can measure the VBE voltage across the transistor. As the temperature changes, the VBE voltage changes as well, following the temperature-dependent equation VBE0−dTdVBE⋅(T−T0).
Calibration: To use the BJT as a temperature sensor, you would need to calibrate the sensor by measuring its VBE voltage at known reference temperatures. This calibration helps you establish a relationship between the VBE voltage and the temperature. From this relationship, you can determine the temperature based on the measured VBE voltage.
Temperature Measurement: Once calibrated, you can measure the VBE voltage in your circuit and use the established relationship to calculate the corresponding temperature. This can be a relatively simple and cost-effective way to implement a temperature sensing system.
Limitations: Keep in mind that while using a BJT as a temperature sensor can provide a basic temperature measurement, it might not be as accurate as dedicated temperature sensor ICs, especially over a wide temperature range. Temperature sensors specifically designed for accurate temperature measurement often have compensation and linearization techniques to improve accuracy and reliability.
In summary, using a BJT as a temperature sensor can work for many applications where only moderate accuracy is required and where the temperature range is limited. If higher accuracy and a wider temperature range are needed, dedicated temperature sensor ICs like thermistors, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and integrated circuit temperature sensors are more appropriate choices.
Answer:
Yes, a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) can be used as a temperature sensor, and this is a common application of BJTs. The temperature-dependent behavior of the BJT's base-emitter voltage (VBE) makes it suitable for temperature sensing applications.
When a BJT is operated in the active region (where it's biased to allow a moderate collector current to flow), its VBE voltage drops with increasing temperature. This characteristic can be exploited to create a simple temperature sensor circuit. Here's how it works:
Temperature Sensor Circuit: By connecting the base-emitter junction of an NPN BJT in forward-biased mode, you can measure the VBE voltage across the transistor. As the temperature changes, the VBE voltage changes as well, following the temperature-dependent equation VBE0−dTdVBE⋅(T−T0).
Calibration: To use the BJT as a temperature sensor, you would need to calibrate the sensor by measuring its VBE voltage at known reference temperatures. This calibration helps you establish a relationship between the VBE voltage and the temperature. From this relationship, you can determine the temperature based on the measured VBE voltage.
Temperature Measurement: Once calibrated, you can measure the VBE voltage in your circuit and use the established relationship to calculate the corresponding temperature. This can be a relatively simple and cost-effective way to implement a temperature sensing system.
Limitations: Keep in mind that while using a BJT as a temperature sensor can provide a basic temperature measurement, it might not be as accurate as dedicated temperature sensor ICs, especially over a wide temperature range. Temperature sensors specifically designed for accurate temperature measurement often have compensation and linearization techniques to improve accuracy and reliability.
In summary, using a BJT as a temperature sensor can work for many applications where only moderate accuracy is required and where the temperature range is limited. If higher accuracy and a wider temperature range are needed, dedicated temperature sensor ICs like thermistors, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and integrated circuit temperature sensors are more appropriate choices.
Question:
explain how a class AB amplifier with a 600VA toroidal transformer deliver 600 watts into the same load while in bridge mode but only 150watts + 150watts in stereo mode
AI 1 answer:
Sure. A class AB amplifier with a 600VA toroidal transformer can deliver 600 watts into the same load while in bridge mode because the transformer is able to supply the higher current requirements of the bridge configuration. In bridge mode, the two output transistors of the amplifier are connected in parallel, which doubles the current output capability of the amplifier.
In stereo mode, the two output transistors of the amplifier are connected in push-pull, which gives the amplifier a higher voltage output capability. However, the current output capability is the same as in single-ended mode.
The following table shows the power output of a class AB amplifier with a 600VA toroidal transformer in different modes:
Mode Power Output
Single-ended 150 watts + 150 watts
Bridge 600 watts
The reason why the amplifier can deliver more power in bridge mode is because the current requirements are doubled. In single-ended mode, each output transistor only needs to supply half of the total current to the load. In bridge mode, both output transistors need to supply the full current to the load.
The toroidal transformer is able to supply the higher current requirements of the bridge configuration because it has a higher current rating than a conventional transformer. A toroidal transformer is also more efficient than a conventional transformer, which means that it can dissipate more heat without overheating.
AI 2 answer:
A Class AB amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that's commonly used in audio applications. It combines the features of both Class A and Class B amplifiers to improve efficiency while maintaining good linearity and low distortion. Let's break down the scenario you provided:
Class AB Amplifier:
A Class AB amplifier operates by using a combination of both Class A and Class B amplification stages. In the Class A portion of the amplification, the transistor conducts current even when there's no input signal, which reduces distortion but is not very efficient. In the Class B portion, different transistors handle the positive and negative halves of the input signal, improving efficiency but potentially introducing some distortion at the crossover point.
Toroidal Transformer:
A toroidal transformer is a type of transformer that has a doughnut-shaped core. This design offers advantages like compact size, low electromagnetic interference, and improved efficiency.
Bridge Mode vs. Stereo Mode:
In audio amplifier setups, there are different modes of operation: bridge mode and stereo mode.
Bridge Mode:
In bridge mode, two amplifier channels are combined to drive a load (such as a speaker) with a higher output power than what a single channel can provide. The two amplifier channels are connected in such a way that one channel handles the positive half of the input signal while the other handles the negative half. This effectively doubles the output voltage swing and increases the power delivered to the load.
Stereo Mode:
In stereo mode, each amplifier channel operates independently to drive its own load (speaker). The two channels deliver the same signal but are not combined to increase the output power.
Power Delivery:
The power delivery of an amplifier depends on various factors, including the power supply, transformer rating, and amplifier design.
In the scenario you provided:
In bridge mode, the 600VA (volt-ampere) toroidal transformer likely provides a higher voltage output since it's driving both amplifier channels in a way that doubles the voltage swing. This increased voltage allows the amplifier to deliver 600 watts into the same load.
In stereo mode, each amplifier channel operates independently, so each channel can deliver up to 150 watts. When both channels are active, they collectively deliver 150 watts + 150 watts = 300 watts.
It's important to note that the power delivered to the load might not be exactly the same as the amplifier's maximum power output due to various losses, efficiency considerations, and impedance matching between the amplifier and the load.
In summary, the difference in power delivery between bridge mode and stereo mode in this scenario is due to how the toroidal transformer and the amplifier channels are utilized to maximize voltage swing and efficiency.
explain how a class AB amplifier with a 600VA toroidal transformer deliver 600 watts into the same load while in bridge mode but only 150watts + 150watts in stereo mode
AI 1 answer:
Sure. A class AB amplifier with a 600VA toroidal transformer can deliver 600 watts into the same load while in bridge mode because the transformer is able to supply the higher current requirements of the bridge configuration. In bridge mode, the two output transistors of the amplifier are connected in parallel, which doubles the current output capability of the amplifier.
In stereo mode, the two output transistors of the amplifier are connected in push-pull, which gives the amplifier a higher voltage output capability. However, the current output capability is the same as in single-ended mode.
The following table shows the power output of a class AB amplifier with a 600VA toroidal transformer in different modes:
Mode Power Output
Single-ended 150 watts + 150 watts
Bridge 600 watts
The reason why the amplifier can deliver more power in bridge mode is because the current requirements are doubled. In single-ended mode, each output transistor only needs to supply half of the total current to the load. In bridge mode, both output transistors need to supply the full current to the load.
The toroidal transformer is able to supply the higher current requirements of the bridge configuration because it has a higher current rating than a conventional transformer. A toroidal transformer is also more efficient than a conventional transformer, which means that it can dissipate more heat without overheating.
AI 2 answer:
A Class AB amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that's commonly used in audio applications. It combines the features of both Class A and Class B amplifiers to improve efficiency while maintaining good linearity and low distortion. Let's break down the scenario you provided:
Class AB Amplifier:
A Class AB amplifier operates by using a combination of both Class A and Class B amplification stages. In the Class A portion of the amplification, the transistor conducts current even when there's no input signal, which reduces distortion but is not very efficient. In the Class B portion, different transistors handle the positive and negative halves of the input signal, improving efficiency but potentially introducing some distortion at the crossover point.
Toroidal Transformer:
A toroidal transformer is a type of transformer that has a doughnut-shaped core. This design offers advantages like compact size, low electromagnetic interference, and improved efficiency.
Bridge Mode vs. Stereo Mode:
In audio amplifier setups, there are different modes of operation: bridge mode and stereo mode.
Bridge Mode:
In bridge mode, two amplifier channels are combined to drive a load (such as a speaker) with a higher output power than what a single channel can provide. The two amplifier channels are connected in such a way that one channel handles the positive half of the input signal while the other handles the negative half. This effectively doubles the output voltage swing and increases the power delivered to the load.
Stereo Mode:
In stereo mode, each amplifier channel operates independently to drive its own load (speaker). The two channels deliver the same signal but are not combined to increase the output power.
Power Delivery:
The power delivery of an amplifier depends on various factors, including the power supply, transformer rating, and amplifier design.
In the scenario you provided:
In bridge mode, the 600VA (volt-ampere) toroidal transformer likely provides a higher voltage output since it's driving both amplifier channels in a way that doubles the voltage swing. This increased voltage allows the amplifier to deliver 600 watts into the same load.
In stereo mode, each amplifier channel operates independently, so each channel can deliver up to 150 watts. When both channels are active, they collectively deliver 150 watts + 150 watts = 300 watts.
It's important to note that the power delivered to the load might not be exactly the same as the amplifier's maximum power output due to various losses, efficiency considerations, and impedance matching between the amplifier and the load.
In summary, the difference in power delivery between bridge mode and stereo mode in this scenario is due to how the toroidal transformer and the amplifier channels are utilized to maximize voltage swing and efficiency.
Wow , where ... oh where is chat GPT getting this drivel about "CFA vs. VFA".
Especially for op-amps !
CFA and VFA are nearly equal for audio , CFA is better for HF/RF .... VFA would be the best servo ... etc.
I suppose any language model as good as as it sources. Since most of the the internet is disinformation or incomplete subjective
information AI in it's present state is just a reflection of bad data.
Wish there was a AI that could "weed" out that 90% BS ,save me the time of being frustrated. With $hit google search , first 10
links are trying to sell me something - second ten are subjective opinions. Usually find what is usable on the second page.
As far as the last post ... I could slash it to pieces - wrong in just about everything.
WOW !!
Edit - post back 2 about trafo's .... AI did not even mention power factor ! Idiot AI !
OS
Especially for op-amps !
CFA and VFA are nearly equal for audio , CFA is better for HF/RF .... VFA would be the best servo ... etc.
I suppose any language model as good as as it sources. Since most of the the internet is disinformation or incomplete subjective
information AI in it's present state is just a reflection of bad data.
Wish there was a AI that could "weed" out that 90% BS ,save me the time of being frustrated. With $hit google search , first 10
links are trying to sell me something - second ten are subjective opinions. Usually find what is usable on the second page.
As far as the last post ... I could slash it to pieces - wrong in just about everything.
WOW !!
Edit - post back 2 about trafo's .... AI did not even mention power factor ! Idiot AI !
OS
I guess AI needs to know the concept of garbage in = garbage out
If you think about it a lot of the good and accurate info is in text books that are copyright protected, so AI has that challenge that it needs important information that is under copyright protection and not violate those protections without being sued, quiet the dilemma
If you think about it a lot of the good and accurate info is in text books that are copyright protected, so AI has that challenge that it needs important information that is under copyright protection and not violate those protections without being sued, quiet the dilemma
The reason why ChatGPT looks so human is because humans often do the same as ChatGPT does! They pick up bits and pieces on the 'net with no idea what is factual and what is just BS drivel and post it here! 😎
The difference is that ChatGPT can learn and improve itself from reactions. Humans find it exceedingly difficult to change their opinion and tend to dig in.
Jan
The difference is that ChatGPT can learn and improve itself from reactions. Humans find it exceedingly difficult to change their opinion and tend to dig in.
Jan
This is not the way it works. ChatGPT is not learning from users. Major training occurred in 2021 with some later updates.
But that leaves the question of whether the corps would provide a tool that would "weed out the 90% BS" ?
No bottom line there.
There is a exception to all this AI hype - writing code.
Then AI just becomes a glorified "web calc" (for writing code).
Here is a VERY cool example - https://www.duinocodegenerator.com
... and another - https://codepal.ai/code-generator/arduino
OS
No bottom line there.
There is a exception to all this AI hype - writing code.
Then AI just becomes a glorified "web calc" (for writing code).
Here is a VERY cool example - https://www.duinocodegenerator.com
... and another - https://codepal.ai/code-generator/arduino
OS
It’s a baby that’s growing fast. It’s just blabbering nonsense right now (in perfect English, which is already more than most can do), but what will it be capable of next year? The year after that?
I have no doubt it’ll put most of us out of our jobs sooner or later.
I don’t like it, but I can’t fool myself into thinking it’ll all go away if I ignore it or mock its current obvious limitations.
I have no doubt it’ll put most of us out of our jobs sooner or later.
I don’t like it, but I can’t fool myself into thinking it’ll all go away if I ignore it or mock its current obvious limitations.
Yes , It will eliminate many white collar / customer service jobs. Pretty much gut what's left.
We will have to get the corps to pay for UBI.
I'm scared of it's future interaction with Quantum. Then it might literally "gut " us.
OS
We will have to get the corps to pay for UBI.
I'm scared of it's future interaction with Quantum. Then it might literally "gut " us.
OS
I read that these chat AI's are continuously "skimming" databases for new info. Some entities even tout the fact that your data with them will
not be used for these purposes.
OS
I remember the early days of computers people thought that the computer would replace the worker and we would have so much leisure time on our hands while the computer did all the work. Well it did not work out as predicted, I think the same will be for AI as well.
It's different now. Most of our manual labor is either outsourced (Asia slave labor) or automated. 6 people can do full mountaintop removal
for coal instead of having a hundred miners.
The work that is left is customer service. some of that is already automated. If the telemarketer or customer service sweatshop can replace a
whole room of humans with one fancy cloud AI - they will. Autoworkers and actors better watch out - strike and the corp WILL invest in AI to replace you.
The only jobs left will be the decision makers and those whose job it is to facilitate replacing the humans and training the AI.
The only factor that makes this age different is the cloud (massive CPU power) that allows the AI to begin with.
M$ , Amazon , Google will become even more dominant as greedy companies race to replace (humans).
PS - this is NOT the "early days"....
OS
Jacques, that does not mean it is not continuously trained and getting smarter.
The question should be: "Are you learning and improving your capabilities from your interactions with humans?"
If I would have instant access to anything published from 0BC to 2021, I would not worry about the last few years.
Jan
The question should be: "Are you learning and improving your capabilities from your interactions with humans?"
If I would have instant access to anything published from 0BC to 2021, I would not worry about the last few years.
Jan
This page of this thread is extremely interesting to me.
It proves beyond a shadow of a doubt that conditioning and influence work.
Even fully grown and supposedly educated people have formed their own ideas about AI in their own way and have not even confronted it.
Please note this is not an "attack" at all towards you, but it is the demonstration that multinationals know how to manipulate people.
Furthermore, one thing that few people notice is that it has a huge environmental impact too.
https://earth.org/environmental-impact-chatgpt/
And a huge carbon (and water) footprint
https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/...-the-carbon-footprint-of-generative-ai-models
By the way, I never thought that a chatbot had been created and illusively made available to people to be useful to the individuals.
It proves beyond a shadow of a doubt that conditioning and influence work.
Even fully grown and supposedly educated people have formed their own ideas about AI in their own way and have not even confronted it.
That's exactly what's happening to you just right now.
Please note this is not an "attack" at all towards you, but it is the demonstration that multinationals know how to manipulate people.
It is not "continuosly", not at all: it is only a your idea.
Exactly.
Furthermore, one thing that few people notice is that it has a huge environmental impact too.
https://earth.org/environmental-impact-chatgpt/
And a huge carbon (and water) footprint
https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/...-the-carbon-footprint-of-generative-ai-models
By the way, I never thought that a chatbot had been created and illusively made available to people to be useful to the individuals.
Last edited:
If these LLMs are constantly scanning new source, there is a challenge preventing them training on AI generated material. Training on hallucinations is only going to make the problem worse.
The main problem is that all training material has to be 'detoxified' before use.
This is how it was done for ChatGPT: "OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic"
This is how it was done for ChatGPT: "OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic"