6SN7's for experimenting

Hi there, I'm just wondering what you might use if you were doing this.

Just got the PT in and gathering parts and components for amp project #3, a monoblock line level single instrument amp, probably use a pair of KT88's UL in the output section - preamp stages, eq etc to be determined by experimenting.

I'd like to kick this off as a hi fi amp and see how the 6SN7 tubes work in the preamp.

My question is, if you were planning on the final amp using NOS tubes, which current production 6SN7's would you use for the initial experimentation/design phase? Reason I ask is that I often see that some current production tubes are not thought of as having similar electrical characteristics as their older counterparts. I'd like to work with modern 6SN7's that will have a similar performance to any or most NOS ones that are substituted. I'm probably worrying over nothing and thats probably true. But where I'm certainly no expert on these tubes I'd be interested in comments from those that do have a long term familiarity with them. Plus, if I do something crazy during the experimental phase, I'd rather take out a 15 dollar JJ than a nice old expensive NOS tube.

Which current production cheaper 6SN7 would you use for design with the possibility of trying much older ones later on?

Thanks very much,

Phil

Flickering glare from coil winding.

Here's a bothering problem I'm searching a solution for. I've been an audio transformer coil winder since three years. I'm putting a lot of light around the winding process to follow the tiniest details and constantly watch over the wire for crossovers, especially with ultra fine ones.

The coils are rectangular and there are surface glares from the magnet wire copper layer directly into the eyes while the coil rotates. This becomes really taxing on the nervous system when one has to wind thousands of carefully placed turns per day.



You can slightly get the idea of the glare, which is visible on the top part of the coil

One thought I will be trying soon are polarized anti glare glasses.
Do you think of any other tips?

This student wants to know how to progress in electronics

There didn't seem to be a more appropriate place to post this, so if it needs to get towed elsewhere, let me apologize in advance. My frustration has been mounting as I take on projects. I don't want to muddy any of my other threads.

I have a hard time learning electronics. I have grown up around it, I have some amazing friends that are very into it, and I've tried very hard to pick it up myself. I have an above average IQ and lots of general knowledge about everything. I just have a hard time specializing. I've really worked my tail off trying to get past my study obstacles. I don't get discouraged but I do get frustrated, and my way of dealing with that is to apply humor. Hopefully people see that.

In the past few months I've been studying and seen some progress. I have the basics covered on passive components. I've learned what a voltage divider is, and how a rectifier bridge works. I can find them on a schematic, and I can also identify input and output sections on schematics if they're well organized. Those are things that I had a hard time with so I know progress is possible. I've reached sort of a plateau now, though. I know what a generic "transistor" does on its own but I can't tell you the difference between all the different types, and I lose my mind when I try to figure out what they do in the circuit. When I start reading about using a transistor to boost current vs transistors to boost voltage, my brain shuts off. I have to decompress for a while, and then go relearn the difference between current and voltage, I kid you not. And if you asked me right now to explain voltage - even though I can use a DMM and diagnose problems with a basic circuit - I have to go review it before I discuss it. You have no idea how many times I've read it over, watched waterwheel metaphor videos explaining it, and passed tests proving that I had the knowledge, only to forget it a few days or weeks later. Its not really an issue - as long as I know how to use the meter, and I can look up those explanations, I can get by. Its no different than having a calculator to do the math for circuits instead of doing it long-hand.

I think the reason why I can't move forward now is I can't get past the whole "voltage goes in here, goes out there" mindset when I study circuits. I'm a linear thinker. Things go from one place, go through some work, and end up on the other side. I know what that rectifier bridge does, and if I sit and map it out I can even explain it. But its still difficult for me to follow because there's four traces, one at each corner instead of one wire going in and one going out. So I had to learn the concept, look at it as a single device, and just pay attention to the values going in and coming out. Thats the only way I don't get stopped there every time I see one on a schematic.

Pick something exceedingly simple, like a GFA-535 (one of the simplest high-performance designs in existence) and can I try to follow it. My brain sees the signal coming in from the input, going past a handful of passives and into a transistor. But right next to it on the schematic is another transistor (making a differential pair), and there's a signal going in to it from somewhere else. Where the heck is that coming from? Its from that spaghetti mess to the right of it on the schematic. I think "why isn't the differential pair turned on its side, with all that stuff from the right now placed to the left, between the input and the pair, so that I can follow it from left to right?" And thats where I stop understanding the circuit. Now all I see are these traces that jump over each other, blend with each other, diverge from each other. Its very hard for me to follow because I keep looking at the circuit as a rollercoaster track for electrons, when I should be looking at it as a web of interconnected things that all affect each other.

But thats just the signal - what about the power that runs the whole thing? Well, thats over on the right side of the schematic. Why isn't it listed on the left side with the signal input so its easier to follow? Or put it above or below on the schematic so I'm not trying to pick the speaker outputs out of the power traces. Having the power come in the diagram on the output side seems like a restaurant kitchen: all the orders come in the same door that they go out, with the deliveries on the other side of the kitchen. Or something like that, I'm still working on the metaphor. In any case, it looks like a mess to me, while to you guys, you can follow right along. I was trying to figure out my Hafler preamp, and Maaco here said to me "start with the basics - follow the circuit". I couldn't, because there wasn't a linear path to follow.

I understand my major issue here - I look at the circuit from left to right, and follow the electron. This is completely wrong, and yet I have no idea how to get past it. Dahl tells me "don't look at it that way, the electrons are always there, they're just not moving until the circuit goes on. You shouldn't be following an electron through the path, you should be looking at what current and what voltage you have in any part of your circuit." Great! I know voltages and currents move and do things, but I still look at it as "moves from here, goes here".

At one point I learned I had been looking at amplifiers the wrong way: I originally thought that the AC was split by the power supply to positive and negative legs of DC, the whole amp was divided into a positive side and a negative side, and then those two sides were combined after the output stage to make an AC signal again. (Oddly, that actually worked in my head.) Then I saw this brilliant little animation that demonstrated how a transistor worked in an audio circuit, how the DC ran one way, but there was an AC signal in there that ran the opposite way, against the DC power that was coming in. That really helped me to understand that the amp was running off DC but the signal was going through there as AC. I had no idea! Then I lost the link to the animation so I have no idea where I should have gone next, and the stuff I learned is slowly disappearing out of my brain.

While I'm talking about it - I still don't understand AC, believe it or not. Since I'm a linear person, DC is easy: Its either there or it isn't, and it moves thataway. Put a negative sign there, and its moving the opposite direction. But AC changes back and forth, so how do you get anything done if things are going back and forth? Using the stupid waterwheel analogy, if the water flows in one direction the wheel turns, there's your current - but what if the water runs backwards? Will that waterwheel run backwards and turn flour into grain then? This isn't even touching on the whole "its not really just negative and positive, you actually have 360 degrees of phase, not 180".

I'll leave that for my doctoral thesis, I think.

And don't get me started about the little directional arrows that distinguish PNP from NPN. To my tired little brain that says "goes in here/goes out here", I can't get myself to see it any differently, and of course it doesn't mean that.

I've been studying this, on and off, for at least 6 months. Its not sinking in. How do I get past this? How did you guys get past it? You all had to start somewhere and go through the steps, so how about letting me in on your "aha!" moments.

TIA.

FS: Jensen CI-2RR IsoMax Stereo Audio Isolator

Jensen CI-2RR IsoMax Stereo Audio Isolator. Great tool to have in your toolbox.

I have had this for probably 12 years now. I have never installed it in a system. I even forgot about it until today when I was cleaning out my garage.

I am asking $160 shipped, CONUS. Online prices are $190+.

Pictures attached.

PM me if you're interested.

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Peerless 12" Double box

Hello diyers

Currently working on this double peerless xls 12 850000 driver loaded double slot ported cab with single chamber:

IMG-20200812-144336-01-2 — ImgBB

As of now its tuned to 25 hz, but id love your input on what kind of performance i can expect here, if i should brace it alot more etc. Its made from 19mm MDF, glued and screwed ☺️

Thanks alot in advance - also, is the crown xls 1002 a good contender for power? With its inbuilt bandpass filtering etc.

All input is highly appreciated!
Thank you.

4 xPeerless by Tymphany NE315W-08 in Sealed Box

Hi Everyone

I'm building woofers section for my Line Arrays Towers.
Towers are 78" Tall with Left and Right Design with drivers per channel:
16 x Tang Band W4-1757SB 4" Aluminum Cone Driver
20 x Bohlender Graebener Neo3-PDR Planar Tweeter Open Back

Passive crossover 200/3000Hz

The woofers section will have 2 cabinets per channel with 2 Peerless NE315W-08 in one box. Sealed 4 CuFt (2 CuFt per woofer ) should give me F3 around 40Hz

I'm asking how you will design the woofers section for those Towers?
Same high means build 2 cabinets 39 inch long, or 2 cabinets 30 inch long and dont care for high match?

Hypex DS8.0 Subwoofer amplifier problem.

Hello, need your help boys.
I bought the amplifier for cheap from a guy on used market, he tried fixing it. He bought 4x5w 330ohm resistor 2 still new . But the problem is they get red hot like they are gonna blow up . I don't see any indication that the amp is actually on , no light and relays don't do anything. I checked if transformer primary wingdings might be bad , but i don't know both 115v primary wingdings says 1.8ohm and i don't know what it means. Also if i disconnected primary wingdings from the board the resistors didn't heat up anymore , but i checked the board and it seemed resistors should get some voltage even if the transformer is disconnected . The transformer primary has 130c fuses maybe that's the fault, maybe they are burned .

Transformer link : http://www.samodelka.ru/pictures/data/hypex_tr501a_9234.pdf

Amplifier link : http://www.arton.info/DS80_manual.pdf


Thank you for your help ! 🙂

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Aleph J with uneven bias across source resistors

Hi,
I recently completed an Aleph J build and it sounds great and is stable. But one issue I've noticed is that when I measure the bias over the source resistors on each channel, they are not even.

For example, the source resistors on the right channel are at .38V and .42V.
The difference on the left is slightly larger at .36 and .43V.

I used matched MOSFETS from a reliable source.

Any ideas on the cause or whether this is something to worry about? Where would you set the bias given that they are not even?

Any thoughts are greatly appreciated.

Using non matched pair of output tubes

There are a lot of sellers offering matched pairs of output pentodes but none of them defines which parameters of the tube pair are matched.

My question is a general one:

In a PP output stage with two independent adjustable CCS (one in every cathode) for automatic bias, I could adjust the plate current of the two pentodes to arbitrary equal value.

Isn't that matching enough?

Known design flaws in amplifiers

A comment by Perry in another thread raised an interesting question, what parts are run too hard, by design, in various car (and home) amplifiers?

Resistors heating up


It would be perhaps interesting to expand on the theme a bit to design flaws in general.

For example, the Soundstream rubicon series seem to pack dc protection on the output, madness!!

high esr caps for 240v uk mains power supply duty

Hi And thanks for reading.
Concerning the smoothing resistor capacitor combination found in most power supplies after the bridge rectifier, designers do add one resistor or more as a cap by itself does not get rid of noise instead shifts it to a different frequency. Adding a resistor does reduce noise far more effectively.
I am wondering if the resistor can be ommited altogether and high esr caps used solely, using the high esr of the cap in place of the resistor.
Is this possible, does it reduce noise effectively.
I have always paid extra and purchased more expensive caps in the belief that lower esr is better, but am wondering now.

DIY: AES to S/PDIF adapter

The goal is to make a 'pig-tail' adapter to convert AES3 (110 ohm) to S/PDIF (75 ohm). It seems that both impedance and attenuation need to be corrected. This would require resistors. Currently, the two components work fine together with a cheap off-the-shelf XLR/RCA adapter - with no corrections. I'd like to make an adapter with corrections and with better quality parts .

Below is a link to a webpage with more info. I know how to solder. And that 's all. Unfortunately, I have no idea how to read a wiring schematic. Hopefully, somebody in the community can offer instructions as to what value resistors to put on which leg? I don't wish to use transformers. This is AES3 - not AES3id.

Thx for your help.

It appears that Figure #1 applies to my project. It would be appreciated if there could more specific guidance as to:

- How to interpret the numbers so that I can order the correct parts.
- How to interpret the schematic. Are there resistors between the two legs in addition to within the legs?


https://www.ranecommercial.com/legacy/pdf/ranenotes/Interfacing_AES3_&_SPDIF.pdf

No current flow in JLH 80W Mosfet power amp.

The seemingly never-ending saga of my JLH Monoblocs continues...😱

Both Power supplies are 100% now....and +/- 50V and 55V rails working as they should be 🙂

So...I'm now at the "Power Amplifier Setup" step in the user manual.
DMM set for mA...I've inserted meter into +55v rail....but there is NO CURRENT when switched on.

Circuit diagram is here....https://i.imgur.com/wCcCg5j.jpg
(Pencil annotations not mine....an on-line scan was the source)

Another...better circuit diagram can be found here...scroll almost 1/2 way down, circuit labelled "JLH 80W Mosfet...."

A Paul Kemble web page - JLH mosfet amplifiers.

I am given to understand that the driver may be at fault.....is that Q10 VN1210M? Can these devices be tested 'in-circuit'....or must they be removed please??

All info. gratefully received.....I will get there in the end😀

Shielded vs twisted pair in internal wiring

I was expecting to be successful searching on the subject, but found nothing here, AA, or Google. The only thread was short lived, and provided advice to use coax (which doesn't excite me).

So, what has experience shown us with input/output wiring to RCA's? Is twisted pair sufficient, or is shielded recommended? If we are able to neglect the effects of capacitance, it would seem to me shielded would be best.

On the one hand, a low impedance source should have no problem driving a little extra shielded wire; so we should be able to use shielded for output wiring. However, it can also be argued that a low impedance source is not susceptible to induced pickup, so twisted pair would be fine.

With inputs, I see a better case for shielded, as the nodes are typically of higher impedance, therefore more likely to pickup noise. As long as the additional capacitance won't adversely affect our FR, I would think shielded is the way to go.

I ask because of course I'm in the middle of a preamp, but also most of the pictures I have seen of DIY projects use twisted pair.

Brake resistor as dummy load?

I just came across these “brake resistors”, available in 4, 8 Ohms (and many other values). Power 500 Watt or 1000 Watt. Available mostly on Amazon, Ebay, Ali...

For audio I need at least a 150 Watt dummy. Currently I’m using big metal wirewound resistors with a heatsink and a lot of cooling. I’m thinking of putting them in a can filled with oil for better cooling, like I did with large RF dummy loads from Heathkit. I still remember the smell of boiling oil 😀.

I wonder if anyone has ever tried these brake resistors as dummy load. I guess they will need extra cooling too?

Regards, Gerrit

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Cyrus amp mysterious behaviour

Hello chaps, I've been reading some of the other threads on this forum with interest to see if anyone had had a similar problem. I didn't really find anything so I hope you don't mind me asking for advice. Some electronics experience here but a beginner with audio systems (except for plugging in and listening).

My Cyrus 8 (vs2) has been misbehaving. It was happily running for years then occasionally it started displaying the sequence of lights shown in the attached picture. Then sometime later when it was switched on it would only display these lights with no audio output, except for a small pop when the output was enabled.

Then I took it back to England and had a professional look at it and annoyingly it worked perfectly there and for a few more weeks it ran fine here. Then back to the strange sequence of lights and no output.

Cyrus gave me the very helpful response of "sounds like a needs a service". Do any of you have experience with these types of amps? I'm just looking for advice about where to start fault finding so as not to break anything. Thanks!

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NAD 304 not working :(

Hi everybody, I'm new here 🙂


So my NAD stopped working without any warning after 8 years spent together. The power indicator turned red. After a cooldown I tried to turn it on and to my amusement the light turned green and the amp worked for 20 second or so, then I heard a crack, light went red and music stopped playing. After turning the thing off the red light stayed on and slowly faded for quite a some time. I turned it on again and the same thing happened, but green light only stayed for about 5 seconds. During the next try, the light came off almost immediately. After that it wouldn't turn green at all (but the whole scenario repeated when i tried to turn it on next day).



I've read some posts considering NADs 304 common faults and repairs (potentiometer, resistors and relay upgrade), but my situation seems a little odd (the amp works for a little bit).


I will be grateful for any advices and tips.

HPA-1 Class A Headphone Amplifier

Here is a very low distortion class A headphone amp.

This design is similar to the design I've used in my new Symphony preamp (still to pusblish the write up)

Top level specs:-

Distortion at 3 V peak output ~500 ppb
At 1 V peak 20 ppb

Class A operation up to 12V peak output

SR ~ 20V/us

no pcb - but I'd be happy to help anyone who wants to take up rhe challenge - the circuit is simple.

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CD Player as DAC mod?

Has anyone used their CD player as a DAC?



I'm barely able to hold a screwdriver the right way round, but would like to put a soundcard in my pc with digital out, and take that to my separates system. It would let me keep my Arcam 8r a few more years, while getting better sound from my PC. I looked at the Arcam drawings, and found a philips drive, which talks philips? and as it heads to my dac it passes a digital out socket that's behind an isolating transformer. It almost looks like I could plug in a digital line that talks philips, and it would work. Only it's not a 1:1 Transformer and there are a couple of caps involved that are likely just noise related.



Now I half expect readers to me turning over I2C in their minds, but the only bus I know goes to town. So all my brain is going to manage here is if philips language is ever going to come from my PC. Also, if my CD players clock would need the incoming data to share the timing signal, which will also stop me.



Has anyone took an older (£200) CD player and taken an external signal into it? I would like a read of that. I'm not ready for multi room, or networks, or cd players with internet. I'm not even ready for surround sound and hdcd is still in my future, not the past. I would like my Arcam players tone and quality when playing from the PC though, if it's not a big deal.



Just buy an 8200? It's £350 I would rather keep if possible.

3D Printed CLD Speakers?

I've built a ton of 3D printed waveguides, and a handful of 3D printed speakers, including some 3D printed midbasses.

Because you can 3D print exotic shapes, 3D printed speakers work surprisingly well.

When you think about it, a loudspeaker is basically trying to blow up the walls of the box like it's a balloon. Therefore, spherical or egg shaped enclosures can work surprisingly well.

y6dBDVz.jpg


Here's one I made.

images


Kef's home theater satellites are made out of aluminum. The aluminum is only about 3-5mm in diameter.

image.jpg


Gedlee Summas were my reference speakers from about 2008 until 2012. The Summas were probably the most "inert" speakers I've ever owned. If you rapped your knuckles on them, it was like a piece of marble. I'd long assumed that the Summas were MDF wrapped in carbon fiber, or plywood wrapped in carbon fiber.

When I sold them, I opened them up, and much to my surprise: they're foam. Like a surfboard.

PU-surfboard-Construction-1024x512.jpg


Here's how surfboards are made. Foam wrapped in fiberglass, with a wood stringer going down the middle.

With the 3D printed speakers, I think the challenge is that the walls of a 3D printed enclosure need to be REALLY thick, much thicker than you'd use with a wood speaker.

4IBcCMe.jpg


Ikea furniture is another example of that. The reason that their furniture is rigid and relatively light is because it's a CLD sandwich of HDF, then cardboard, then HDF.

In summary:

I think that 3D printed enclosures could potentially be as rigid as an MDF enclosure. The "trick" is that we'd have to figure out how to make the walls VERY thick, as much as 1.5" - 2" in diameter. And then there would have to be a way to fill the enclosure walls. Foam would be the obvious filling, perhaps polyurethane foam from Home Depot.

And idea that I had before, was to put holes in the enclosure, which you could use to fill the cavity between the inner and outer wall. Visualize a surfboard that's hollow and 3D printed, with dozens of holes in the outer walls, so you can fill the surfboard.

The downside with this method, is that it's going to require a lot of finishing. You'll have to trim the excess foam, and then use fiberglass or something similar to fill in the holes.

ehTbsA5.jpg


Rockport has solved all these problems in a really elegant way: SoundStage! InSight - Rockport Technologies Lyra Loudspeaker (November 2019) - YouTube

Their loudspeaker has an inner shell, and an outer shell. None of that is particularly innovative.

What I dig about the Rockport speaker is those channels. Instead of using hollow walls, there are a series of channels. The channels add strength, but they also allow the builder to line everything up perfectly. Another advantage to those channels is that the foam will be distributed evenly.

The inner shell slides into the outer shell, and then the channels are filled. Rockport uses polyurethane. I would use foam, simply because I don't want a speaker that weighs 500lbs each.

EiXfYUe.png


Here's a cutaway

Years ago I tried making a subwoofer with hollow walls, which I then filled with foam. What I found was that the foam *exploded* the walls out! Basically the foam generates a LOT of force when it expands.

I think this method holds potential for a number of reasons:

An externally hosted image should be here but it was not working when we last tested it.


1) 3D printing allows us to make shapes that are complex, with repeatable finishes that can look really good.

2) But 3D printed speakers aren't rigid, because the walls are too thin. The walls must be much MUCH thicker.

3) We should be able to finish the loudspeaker in finishes that are similar to what you can achieve with a car or a bicycle. IE, the finishing options are really good. This construction method should yield a finished product that can look very professional. I think this is something that many of us have struggled with in DIY projects, it's a bummer to invest six months building a loudspeaker, only to have it look like a science project.

Tweed screen resistor

I just blew a tube in my DIY Tweed, probably playing at max volume for too long. I don't have 470 ohm screen resistors on the tubes so maybe that's why. I'm going to add resistors in there but I only have 680 ohm. Apparently 470 ohm to 1k can be used and it won't make any difference I but just wanted to ask to be sure before I put the 680 ohm in. Thanks for any advice.

NAD T762

Hello, hope I'm in the right place to post a problem with my NAD T762. Hopefully someone can help point me in the right direction.
It used to work real well, but started acting up. It would turn ON and then shut OFF (or go into protection) after several minutes of operation. I found the manual and schematics, however any assistance from any of you that may have experience with this amp would be greatly appreciated.
A quick visual check shows signs of electrolytic leaking on part of the main board, as well as this gummy yellowish glue that I understand turns conductive after several years. I took a quick check on the supply board and measured ±67VDC or thereabouts. Any ideas where I should begin?
Thanks for any ideas and direction. 🙂

KT88 mutual characteristics?

As part of my search for knowledge, I've also supplemented with Merlin's Valve Wizard site, specifically this page: The Valve Wizard -Single Ended

As part of calculating screen characteristics, he has mentioned the mutual characteristics graph from a particular valve. I've searched around a bit on KT88, and I've seen regular plate characteristic graphs for different screen voltages, but not quite illustrated this way, and he hasn't gone into any detail as to how to interpret this if you don't have the proper graphs.

Does anyone have these graphs for the KT88, or can point me to some reading for how to figure it out in a different fashion?

Heat sinks, TO-3 sockets

I've completed a preliminary design for a specialized power supply that is essentially a DC audio amp (output voltage +-50, output current +-5A). Now I'm trying to figure out what hardware I'll need.


I figure that the output transistors going at full tilt could dissipate as much as 150W, so I'm guessing that a heat sink good for about 300W should be a conservative choice. Where might I find such an animal? Any other comments?


Related: I want to use TO-3 sockets, since I'm using 2n3773 and 2n6609 output transistors. Newark Electronics has one for $1.22 in quantity that seems OK (https://www.newark.com/keystone/4602/transistor-socket-3-position-through/dp/35F1178). I also found a batch of bakelite sockets on Ebay that appear OK. Any suggestions?

Power cable shielding for messy entertainment centers

Hi All, I am looking for AC power cables with shielding and a good bit of insulation so that they can lay next to source interconnects with minimal interference. I know the best solution is to avoid running interconnects and power in parallel, but sometimes furniture, room layout and practicality conspire against us.

The affordable cable I've found with good insultation also seems to have shielding with large gaps. Depicted below. Is this a problem? Is this shielding doing any good? Would I be better off just getting a regular shielded power cable and putting some hose/tubing around it to force some distance between the AC power and interconnects?

Ue0df57e2fd604e64942af304b59123abJ.jpg


Thanks,
Joe

First build: ICE125ASX2? ICE50ASX2? L12-2?

I'm keen to build my first proper amp, to power a pair of M&K MPS-1510 speakers now perched on the corners of my desk (and currently powered by an FX502SPRO).



I've narrowed my choices down to the modules listed in the title: the L12-2 would be my first choice, in purely musical terms, if not for the fact that it seems way more difficult to build - with the need to find the right power supply, transformer, speaker protection.......and connect them all properly in the absence of an instruction booklet. The ICEpower modules are basically amps in a box, without the box. A buffer seems like the only thing I might want to add (?), other than a Ghentaudio box itself.



The ICEpower and L12-2 options would end up costing about the same, but there seems to be way less opportunity for disaster - electrocution, or (worse) damaging the speakers - with the former.



I'm unsure about several things related to the project:



Will the ICE50ASX2 have enough power to do justice to the M&K speakers? The FX amp seems to power them without too much trouble - turned to about "3" or "4", and running out of a FiiO E7 (?) DAC amplifier that's turned up fairly high. But will the speakers respond (in a good way!) to a lower signal from the DAC and more power from a - good quality - amp itself? The sonic results are ambiguous with the FX amp, but might be more obvious with a better one.....



Will the L12-2 project be substantially harder, for someone who still struggles to understand terms like "output impedence"? And speaking of output impedence: what does using a DAC-amp instead of a simple DAC mean for the issue of output impedance - should I be more concerned, or less? Does it make it more or less crucial (for sound quality) that I include an input buffer?



Finally: Given that I don't understand this, despite having read a half-dozen internet explanations, should I just save up an extra $50 and buy a pre-made ICEpower amp......?


Any advice gratefully received.

NAD T762

When using optical input #1 sound works fine but if you use OSD to switch to optical input #2 you get the sound from input #1. Also it seems to bleed over to coaxial #1 and #2 but not #3 or #4. Also none of the coaxial inputs will work or the optical #2. Confusing as hell. The digital input board is verified good. Since the digital inputs go to the DSP board next could that possibly be the problem?? Also all other features of receiver work properly.

FS: GroundSound DCN24 2x4 Digital Crossover DSP (Qty 3)

SOLD: GroundSound DCN24 2x4 Digital Crossover DSP (Qty 3)

SOLD: GroundSound DCN24 Digital Crossover 2 input 4 output. I have three with power supplies installed in a custom case. Comes with a USB dongle to run XOverWizard II Advanced (download from groundsound.com). Input/Outputs can be routed in any combination. Recently programed and tested and working as expected. Full Disclosure, I have had problems with the center unit losing power. It may be a bad power supply or just a bad solder joint. Working now, so I haven't messed with it. You should be able to run two or all three off of the same power supply. Case has an interesting 'patina'. Half of it discolored over time to a red-ish tint. Asking $700 plus shipping and 3% paypal fee. Local pickup possible.

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C3G drives 45

Hello. I am building C3G --> IT --> 45 monoblocks. The attached schematics are mostly cut/paste from others. I do have a few questions and would appreciate your review of the schematic. This amp is intended to be a minimalist approach using a solid design and high quality parts.

1. I used PSUD for the power supply and am getting about 52mV ripple which should result in about 2mV ripple at after the output transformer. Any suggestions on the power supply? The CLC design is simple, but I need to know if it is sufficient or should I go with an LCLC?

2. The operating points are from bartola's excellent web site. I don't have the know-how to challenge those operating points, so any input would be appreciated.

3. Rod Coleman DC filament regulators will be used with a 330ohm grid bias resistor on the 45. Is the 330 ohm resistor in the correct place (grid leak) or should it be in the grid stopper position.

Any and all input is welcome.

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How small a PSU? Interesting experiment

I am building power supplies for a couple of kit amplifiers I got. The kits have been tested at 90vdc rails and up to 500w+ into 4 ohms, so they work (long story). They are based of 4 pairs of the njw1302/3281 types per channel.

I built a capacitor bank for a stereo channel comprising 6x 27,000uF caps (3 per rail) See pics, with the eventual goal of pairing it with one of the larger Toroidals I have.

While wiring, I got thinking about how "small" a cap can I put on the amplifier for it to have acceptable sound... I was amazed that a 25VA transformer coupled with a pair of cheap 470uF caps ran the amplifier fine (speakers got to about 104db c-weighted before distorting) . The transformer was still cold on the winding. I did NOT expect that...

What amazed me is that I heard almost no 60Hz hum even with my ears next to the speakers.

So the question is... how low can one go? Whats the lowest you guys have seen PSU caps go?

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Help me...pioneer pdr 555rw

good evening ... I open this post because I was reading old discussion of forum users who have had the exact same problem as mine with some pioneer pdr 555rw. In short, as they had already found in the past, the reader out of the blue no longer reads any cd-r and the cdrom drawer opens and closes countless times. I tried to disassemble and clean the front board with isopropyl alcohol and change the electolytes (1 from 47uf 16v and 2 from 100uf 16v) ​​but once reassembled, unlike the user of the forum the problem seems unchanged. does anyone have any advice for me? it may be a software problem that requires a total reset by removing the battery located on the pcb on the right. I begin to think that it is likely that the two users who solved the problem by disassembling the pcb behind the front panel did some "formatting" inadvertently because the electolytics on that pcb have correct values. thanks to those who want to help me. regards

Sickly Sub - 104DS15000 board

My Mordaunt Short Sub (MS309D) ceased working some time ago. Symptoms are white noise and no response to the audio input. The speaker seems to work and generates sound OK.

I have very basic electronic capability and the problems looks to me to be with the Digital Amp board (I think that is what it is) labelled 104DS15000

The two 10uF caps seem to have blown and in the process I think they've taken out another component I don't recognise, possibly a "toroidal thingy". 🙂 It's difficult to see much in there but I've bent out the afflicted components and can't see any more visible damage.

Now I'm happy to have a pop at replacing these (I guess these are cheap pretty cheap components) but I'm wondering:
1. If there is potentially more damage or another root cause problem?
2. How do I identify the toroidal thingy? 🙂
3. If better components can be used?
4. If I will run into any surprises when I try to disassemble? (e.g. detaching from the heat sink).

Opinions and thoughts much appreciated! 🙂

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Class d amp volume problem

Hi i managed my snake nest off cables
I use a minidsp and instead off using one amp for tweeters and one for bas/midrange.
changed so one
Amp does the left side and the other right side.
And strangely the sound is alot lower now
Before 48 volume was high and now 86 is the same volume. And it sound duller in both elements.
Can it be because off the impedance difference?
Tweeters are 6ohm and bas/mid 8ohm.
Checked the cables and everything i could think of.

New SSE Build from Texas

I decided to jump into a tube amp and started a Tubelab SSE build. I attached a BOM with all the parts I used. It includes everything, not just board components. Hope it helps anyone else starting.

For my wiring I ended up ordering 18AWG 600V tinned copper PVC from Remington Industries.

Wow, it is nice living close to Mouser here in North Texas. I placed my order at 5pm Tuesday night, by 8pm I received an email that it was out to ship. I received my order the next day by lunch!

I went with Edcor transformers. I placed the order, now wait. Power is XPWR035. The OPT is GXSE15-5K 8Ohm. The choke is a Triad C-14X.

I am into woodworking so I am going to build a custom chassis.

Here are some photos of my board with the resistors and capacitors installed. I will update as I go.

Mike

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Revive an Ariston RD-11S

Revive Ariston RD11S

Like the previous post i have been wanting to breath some new life into my old RD11s with Rega RB300.
I'm not up to the extremes of adding new sub chassis or fitting Linn type power supplies etc,but could cope with adding damping/bracing etc to suggested locations,changing the base plate,mabye even changing the top plate.Ive already changed the original(corroding)steel spring bolts to stainless steel variety.I've also noticed lately that the motor makes a cogging sort of noise,similar to an old ceiling fan(not as loud of course)Any suggestions on a fix for this,and any detailed suggestions for just tweaking the whole unit ?
I've searched the web and these are the most common mods i've seen that seem "doable" for the average person.How good they are is another question that perhaps you could comment on!!

Change base board to thick MDF ?
Change all the bolts/nuts/screws to stainless steel variety?
Add nylon washers(aka tap washers) between lock nut and flat washers on springs?
Add some sort of tight plastic tubing/shrink wrap over the spring bolts?
Add foam washers under the rubber spring washers?
Add corner bracings to plinth?
Change the thin pressed metal cross bracing plate that holds the electricals with something more solid eg 5-8mm brass/aluminium/stainless plate?
Add some sort of damping(bitumous)material to the sub chassis,under the top plate and around the plinth sides?
Change the top plate to a different material???
Try and damp the platter (somehow)?
Use a Linn felt platter mat in place of the original rubber mat?
Change oil in bearing to EP90 gear oil,or use a moly based oil to reduce the effects of wear??
There are probably some others i saw,but cant remember them at this time.
I would be most appreciative if people could comment on the usefullness/effectiveness of any of the above mods for the Ariston RD11s.

Hello all

Hi everyone,

My name is Sean, I love in Johannesburg, South Africa. An avid enjoyer of HiFi, decided to beat the Covid blues by building some speakers.

My first couple of attempts (JE Labs OBs using Philips AD100, and a homebred made from a crate), as well as a shot of my main system below.

Browsing the forums has already been a great help. Look forward to being part of this community.

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Dayton AMT4PRO and other drivers,only Europe shipment

For sale Dayton AMT4PRPO tweeters. They are new, but one was screw on MDF and take variuos measurements. price is 160EUR/pair. They could work nicely with simple passive L ~0.20mh as low pass and amt mini 8 4psc in series(total 8psc for stereo project ) which I also have.

Dayton 8inch Designer series(bigest magnet) alluminium cone drivers 2psc one is used for measurements

Scb acoustics carbon CRC 6 inchers. 2psc new unpacked 8 ohms, 2psc 8ohms used for 5 hours, 2psc 8ohms used for 5 hours

Scan speak 12M revelator.not sure how old, probably ~2009. cones have some cosmetics(dome was pushed in)

Due some returns (as magnet is dangeruos in parcels) I can ship ONLY to Europe union countries, unless(which unlikelly to happen to customers) you take risk on your own.

Chipamp, PMD200 digital filter, DAC, OPAMP collection

Selling my collection of IC's that I collected over the years.
Pictures will follow:

Description QTY Price/pc

TDA1387 DAC 36 1€ IMG_20200424_093623.jpg - Google Drive
TDA1543 DAC 16 2€ IMG_20200424_093514.jpg - Google Drive
TDA1541 DAC 1 25€ IMG_20200424_093405.jpg - Google Drive
TDA1541A DAC 1 30€ IMG_20200424_093827.jpg - Google Drive
AD1862N-J DAC 2 30€ IMG_20200424_100204.jpg - Google Drive
SM5842AP digital DAC filter 2 15€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iaWFSyy3wFEwSpANe-9dUMEwiB8HCD0Y
PMD200 digital DAC filter 1 60€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iZoe_o5rjK1S5xMrufjRdyaEntO_EaYE
TDA7292 Chipamp 3 2€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ikOiONIvGsAmdSkvuf8fo2D2VpnZkH4N
TDA7264 Chipamp 1 1€
TDA7381 Chipamp 3 2€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iv3lK829vqRd8ZD4opU-J0gsl6qE57Tb
LM4780 Chipamp 1 8€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iwPenCWqdsTdyvYpDHk0ytlENS0H5cOt
LME49810 Chipamp 3 10€
TDA2040 Chipamp 3 2€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ikcNxQH-z8MJ4Ufp_lBgyO9RdKEL8moI
TDA2003 Chipamp 2 1€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iu8XQHd3KKvmL6mMaW8KI4qmUk8VG1ri
STK403-090 Chipamp 1 10€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iMk53hQHHChVennMQXg9hpsvssArynYL
TPA3122 Class D amp 5 1€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iJRWHPZmEorALgWn_sZo43IQ-BBLWjdR
OPA2134PA Opamp 5 1€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iLhJuZu86YYjEtz8YMTdu7utepmoXfpA
LT1358 Opamp 4 5€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iMhkj47Q92W1Iiveysp98xlyoNQbAyi2
LM6172 Opamp 5 2€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iL-pXGmo3vJiTQD2xOUuUaIDmy_R9DUF
LT1022 Opamp 2 5€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1hf2MBn34yPtsl7YINUn5AFRIQwQY4moL
LT1122 Opamp 2 5€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1hyg0M0AVMV_ITKQWT74bRGlnO391Zsb6
LT1208 Opamp 2 10€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1hiwpCSmCCJR81TJeeM0WOd_vZv3kYvn2
LT1363 Opamp 2 6€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1hn6VU-KiyPumkyNTIBT05qviWBvEDusA
AD811 Opamp 2 5€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1hoWrIN-jcx9oLdSsbLWa3uZjl3vBJ4Dn
AD797 Opamp 2 5€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1hwmxEtidX-i7Gl-Y4gc3uvFiCn30_s_6
AD845 Opamp 2 4€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1i6Fja8Q8QwsxwZI0ua3KlBIyba-f80yL
AD744 Opamp 2 6€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1i236-lzTCvd1nBVNjsVprNA-PzirNqhK
AD844 Opamp 2 6€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1hvnB5fs5X_0830oB7AjCfnAXoJNj2Fxm
DRV134PA Line driver 2 2€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1i0h9Ry2latv3bIVpEZ5sl9kgTWrkFl4h
AD1896A Asynchronous sample rate converter 2 8€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iAfr-3l9OLd6k-85f3MzD6sjfx2HZIYW
AD1955A DAC 1 5€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iFKcuHSYEQEt_y4SEdCcYVyJXifnD62h

PCB's:

TDA1541 DAC PCB 1 10€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1j5E-AwxoIH97xvXQWlxu_lupyuwmhcZL
AD1862 DAC PCB 1 10€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1j3-YF8DH1sxGwAahZ_z1RP_jzxUGNWF_
AK4137 ASRC Board 1 25€ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1j1vrMhcbLd_4XuWp1Qf6THGfEVI6Vcvf

All opamps are DIP8 package and are new and only tested in DIP sockets.

Sensible offers are accepted.

Different production year capacitors for power amp

Perhaps I am overthinking it a bit 😱, but last time I ordered two Nichicon LNR 56000uf 50v capacitors they had the production date 2012 written on them. As they were both produced in the same year and assume Mouser will store them at conditions that won't impact the shelf life too much, I didn't see a problem.

Now I need to order two Nichicon LNR 22000uf 100v capacitors, but have been told that Mouser has a fifo policy which most likely means that I will receive two capacitors with production dates 2012 and 2020 (they had 1 still in stock before restocking with 25).

Does it make a difference at all? I could wait until Digikey has them in stock again to receive two capacitors with the same production date. However, I need other parts which only Mouser has in stock.

[Theory] Best impulse response in Bass Reflex enclosures

Hi everybody,

This topic aims to answer a simple theoretical question.

A "friend" of mine (well, not really a friend in fact - a quite knowledgeable person when it comes to audio theory, but a person that I appreciate much less as a human being - God, I hope he comes across this topic and reads this 😀 ), has written this :

IMHO, the optimal BR tuning is the one that gives the best transient response, even if this means a F-3dB a bit higher.
From this point of view, the optimal tuning is generally close to Fb = Fs with n = 4.
In fact, the best transient response is obtained when Fb/Fs is between 0,9 and 1, with a consistent Vb.


Unfortunately, the person who has written this hasn't even bothered about trying to justify it (he probably thought whe should just take His Word for it and praise Him for that 😀 ). While I strongly disagree with this kind of attitude, I think that he still may be right (like I said, the guy has some audio knowledge when it comes to theory).

So here are my questions :
1/ Can someone explain in cartesian terms why Fb/Fs between 0,9 and 1 gives the best transient response ?
2/ What happens if we lower Fb (Fb/Fs = 0,8 for example) ?
3/ Is digital active crossover (e.g. Izotope Ozone) really capable of actually correcting the transient response ? How, and what's the price to pay ?
(I have some trouble understanding this point - sorry).

Thanks in advance.

Rolecor RTA-650 receiver - revisited

In 2017 I began a thread about this Rolecor RTA-650 receiver which ended late November that year.

The result then was a working receiver, one for which there were no schematics online. But thanks to patience and knowledge of contributors on this forum like Ian Finch, I accomplished a goal.

But here I am again with a new development. I recently moved from a big city and the working Rolecor was packed up, put in storage for 3 or so months then bought with me. Soon after arriving, I hooked it up for listening to FM while in the dining/kitchen area.

Two or three seconds after finding a station (signal being amplified) there was a "snap" and the receiver lost power. The main AC fuse blew.

Replacing the fuse allowed the receiver to power up but very shortly, smoke was drifting out. It was a resistor burning which I replaced. Watching the board closely when switching it back on, a different resistor began smoking which I also replaced. During that process, a third resistor looked discoloured from heat so it was replaced also.

To keep this brief, one of the 3 new resistors, a 330 ohm I believe, began smoking within a very few seconds of power on so I began looking for why.

There are transistors I installed in 2017 - KSA1220 and KSC2690 to replace 2SA497 & 2SC497. One of those KSA1220 & KSC2690 pairs has 53 volts at E-B-C on both. The pair on the other channel is much different and is I believe correct.

Regarding the replacement transistors, I did manipulate the legs to achive the right pinout.

My question now is was the malfunction first caused by the transistors failing, affecting the resistors or was transistor failure caused by one or all of the overheated resistors?

I can replace the resistors with some I have on hand (cheap) and I can also replace KSA1220 - KSC2690 pairs (more expensive) as I have a few of those leftover, purchased as extras.

Any speculation on whether replacing failed transistors and heat damaged resistors is the way to go or should I first be looking elswhere?

I realize that without a schematic, my description probably sounds like gobbledy-gook.

Bracing or mass loading panels ?

Hi ! i have a maybe weird question.
The cabinet construction for a very powerful woofer is a very tough tech challenge.
In order to tame vibes is better to use bracing or load cabinet panels ? or both ? which technique do you prefer of the two and why ?
my guess is a cabinet good for a sub would be just fantastic for anything else 😱
The best possible 😉

Cambridge Audio A300 - help needed to troubleshoot dead channel

Greetings,

I have a Cambridge Audio A300 integrated amp for repair. It has a dead left channel and a working right channel.

I have measured the voltages on the output Darlingtons (the infamous SAP10N/P), left vs. right channel. You can see the voltages attached, in red. I have also checked the Darlingtons with the resistor tester (for shorts), left vs. right channel, with identical results, except that the emitter resistor on the SAP10P on the dead channel measures 5 ohms, instead of .22 ohms. I have bypassed it with an external resistor of about .70 ohms (the lowest I had), but it didn't seem to make any difference...

Can anyone make sense of the voltages I am seeing on the dead channel and advise if the Darlingtons need changing, or else if there is a fault in the driving circuitry before the Darlingtons?

Thanks in advance for any advice 🙂

Kind regards,
Bogdan

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LEBEN CS300F Tube-Rolling Options?

After more than three years of faithful service, it is time to re-tube our wonderful little LEBEN CS300F Integrated (Tube) Amp.

The stock new amp arrived with 4 x JAN6197 (GE, USA) Power Tubes and 2 x 17EW8 (Hi Fi, Japan) Driver Tubes - and has always sounded superb.

These less popular tubes are not too expensive, so I was thinking about having a bit of fun and trying some tube-rolling.

Has anyone tried some alternatives?

Will changing Driver tubes make more/less impact than changing Power tubes?

Are there any "hen's teeth" versions of these less popular little tubes that are worth seeking out?

I'm looking forward to getting an order placed, so we can be back into the LEBEN sound real soon.

Until then, we are "slumming it" with our rare little CREEK CAD4040S3 Integrated (SS) Amp.
(Just kidding... it's a real nice amp too!)

Coral flat 8 in minimal enclosure?

Well, my cheap auction find that I planned to use on the sun deck was actually a bit of a find. A pair of Zachry EM8 with a pair of coral flat 8s and matching tweeters.
Obviously they deserve a better fate than damp summer nights outside.
The speakers themself are not exactly what you would call estheticaly pleasing so to make them more WAF and save them from the fingers of two very small children I first thought of selling them but now I'm getting second thoughts.

If I can find an enclosure that is small enough I can use the 8"ers and place them on a shelf in the living room.
I realize that this hardly is a optimal solution but in a few years, perhaps, I can make something else.

The problem is time. I need a pre-made solution.
So, can anyone point me in the right direction?

Kind regards.

Design recommendation for Peerless SLS 830677

Hey guys, this is my first subwoofer build, I'm looking for some clean deep lows that will suit my living room. 7ft x 7ft.

The Peerless SLS 830677 is what I had in mind as its available for around 5k INR in my region.
Peerless by Tymphany 830667 8" Paper Cone SLS Subwoofer

Attached my design from Box - Port II . pelase correct me on this entirely new to this, came into this design after a day of research.

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Please help me adapt a power brick for bench work

Today's project: find a +15VDC power brick and put it to work matching transistors.

Part to be adapted: Oram AL-16(t)

I searched through my box o' adapters and found plenty of +5/6/9/12VDC bricks but only one that said +15VDC, the above mentioned Oram. This was taken from an old Fujitsu Speedport ADSL modem kit. I couldn't use it as-is, because it wasn't just +15VDC, it was also -15 as well as +3.5 and +5. Not only that but the cable ended in an 8 pin connector similar to DIN.

Since I didn't have the Speedport schematic (and they apparently don't exist online) I simply cut the end off the cable and figured I'd test until I found the taps I needed. Ha ha. Yeah.

I found 8 wires of various colors, plus a bare (or as we called it in the business, "drain") wire. Using the drain as ground (since it went to the outer jacket of the DIN connector) I found the following values:

White +13.51
Black -13.51
Orange +5.159
Brown +5.159
Yellow +3.505
Blue +3.505
Red 0
Green 0


The first thing that jumps out is that I can use this brick to get very close to two of the rated voltages but it's 1.5v off my desired 15v output. I've also found that I can skip the drain wire, connect the black wire to my DMM negative probe, and get a whole bunch of other voltages ranging from +1.5 to +18. I can switch to the white wire and get some negative values. I can also measure across some of the different colors and get +10vdc.

At no point can I mix and match anything to get +15vdc, or at least I haven't found the right combination yet. I don't really want to mess around with that because sometimes joining two wires on the same probe sometimes results in a really warm wire, which is no bueno.

Given what I've told you about this brick - that it has 4 taps, 8 wires plus a drain, and the initial voltages I list above - if anyone here could recommend some plan of attack to find the correct hookups to get the 15vdc output I would really appreciate it.

And yes, I know I can just buy a 15v laptop brick for under $20 and be done with this, but I'd like to learn more about these multi-tap power supplies.

Finally built a prototype

I'll start off by saying I wrote a long post, and unfortunately took too much time. The site made me log in again and discarded what I wrote, maybe it was for the better, but sorry if this one sounds a little more sterile and I am no longer describing possibly important details. I'm writing this out in notepad before trying to post again.

First.. Thanks to everyone who helped me with design and unfounded fears around certain details. I decided that I can only model so much and just have to breadboard the damn thing. I only did a one-channel prototype, as I built it on an acrylic sheet with standoffs and only had so much space. The full design so far is using an 12AX7 and two KT88s, with an unloaded B+ of 530V.

I powered it up and used an old iPhone(burner phone, just in case) to give a signal, using a crappy Best Buy brand speaker(it's all I have right now and honestly wouldn't mind blowing if something went wrong). It sounded "fine" right off the bat. No discernable distortion, very fair frequency response, decent volume - all of this subjective. I have to say I did well up a bit when I first heard it make a sound. Honestly like the first time I heard my son cry when he was born. I guess I was just surprised it worked the first time and didn't catch on fire! I was able to read about 100dB out of the speaker when I turned the iPhone up to max. I didn't put a tapered pot on the input, nor measure the voltage output of the iPhone, and actually assumed I'd need to put another stage in. I was just surprised.

I'm going for hi-fi and wondering where to go next with the limited equipment I have. I have a couple of multimeters, an old Tektronix 300MHz analog oscilloscope, and a frequency generator.

The first thing I want to make sure is that I don't have any mega-frequency oscillations. I can figure that out. I do have some line hum. I'm using some breakout boards for the tubes that I screwed into the acrylic. Between that and the lazy wiring, it's physically impossible to dress the wiring in the way I would like to. There may be some other adjustments I can make, but I can address that when the time comes.

I verified the biases. They were a couple dozen volts off from what I had calculated, but from what I've read, that's to be expected, the tolerances with these things are awful.

So I guess my questions are trying to find out some objective truths about what I have.

Heat - Things started to smell hot. Now, I've never owned a tube amp, let alone designed/built one. I expect heat and have read some cases where someone grabbed a tube too soon and was burned pretty bad on their fingers. I'm not concerned about the temps so much, but it might be worth asking. I've been using my IR thermometer to measure temps. From least to most: the power transformer core raised up only 8ºF from ambient temp(80ºF at the time), surely fine. Other coils showed no appreciable temp increase. The 12AX7 went up to around 120ºF. The KT88 went up to around 180ºF if measured from the top, but in the "guts"(measured basically in the middle of the body of the tube) it measured nearly 380ºF. I'm not sure if this was glass surface temperature or radiative temp from inside. I turned off the lights and all I could see is the coil, no hot plating, as far as I know in my naive state.

Power consumption - As we know, this is complicated with the variety of frequencies and dynamics involved in audio. I'm not trying to come up with a single number like audio manufacturers do for bragging rights, but I would like to know how to measure how much power I am dissipating in the KT88 and output transformer to make sure that I'm not slowly killing them. I have looked around online about how to do this, but most of the resources are the same BS metrics that some manufacturers pull to get a max wattage, and I haven't found any that would help someone like me determine if I should "tone it down a bit" to protect the equipment, and also make sure the quality is decent.

Frequency response - I know this is a little more complicated, especially when hooked up to an actual speaker. I have a 100W non-inductive 8ohm resistor that I could hook this up to. This might remove some of the dynamics we'd normally deal with, but I think there is something lost in there as well. I also don't have a frequency analyzer, as mentioned, just an oscilloscope, some multimeters, and a signal generator. Can I approximate frequency response using this at all, even manually? Even with a non-inductive load, I fear that objective measurements on that will shoot me in the foot once put into an actual system.

Distortion - other than visually comparing input and output on the oscilloscope, or even if that is an okay way to do it, any tips in this arena?

KT88 - triode or ultralinear for HiFi? I have a switch that puts the plate between 100ohms to B+ and 1.3k to the 40% CT on the OT. I have to find a better way, other than ears, to discover the difference. Maybe one of the upper questions can answer that. I did a quick(20 second gap after discharging/re-heating) test between the two, and that may have been enough time gap to not notice a subjective difference.

Anyway, I appreciate any advice/tips I could get.

Thank you all again. I'm really excited to be on this adventure.

Measured Fb missmatch against calculated.

Hi,

Renovating some old speakers (complete redesign og baffle and crossovers) and I have come across a weird issue. When measuring the impedance of the woofer the Fb of the box is way of the one calculated.

Data:

Driver: Scan-Speak W30/4558T00 (https://www.scan-speak.dk/datasheet/pdf/30w-4558t00.pdf)

Vb: 83L (not optimal for the woofer but it is all I got to work with)
Pd: 70mm
Plength: 290mm

Fb: 20hz
Measured Fb: 32hz

There is some old dampening material in the cabinet (10mm green wool) that I dont want to remove therefore the Vb might be marginaly larger but if anything that should yield a lower than calculated Fb?

Any suggestions outside of airleaks? 😱

The cabinet is well built with brand new seals around the drivers and the front baffle so Im out of ideas.

Multi-resonant buck converters?

Anyone know any useful references for multi-resonant buck converters?
I have US4857822A - Zero-voltage-switched multi-resonant converters including the buck and forward type
- Google Patents
as a start.
But there's probably other possibilities (parallel resonance?) and I'd like to learn more.
This is also related to LLC converters but I don't yet see exactly how.
Anyone understand this stuff?

David
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