The Biology and Immunology Corner

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Bill--let me give a crack at the sepsis question.

Biologically, sepsis is an infection of the blood/tissue by foreign organisms (we don't use sepsis for viral infections) which leads to, more or less, multi-organ failure/dysfunction. Co-infection is a huge risk and makes bad things worse. Simplistic mechanism is:

1.) You are CONSTANTLY fighting infectious diseases of some sort or another.

2.) Fortunately, most of us are quite adept at managing these invaders without even knowing it's happening. Yay immune system!

3.) One disease breaks through, and your immune system's resources essentially respond to the threat according to its prevalence in the body (this is a HUGE simplification, and I'm sure Sean/others will be able to describe it better/more correctly)

4.) With the immune system tied up, other infections have a chance to take root. Almost a flanking maneuver in the great battle to keep us dying from a litany of diseases. This process is heavily modulated by treatment plans as well.

5.) These other infections may ultimately prove fatal, so a primary cause of death would be whole shebang, even if it's recorded as something like "COVID-19 with ____ co-infection"

EE or not, DPH is mostly correct. However, sepsis itself is generally considered to be damage done to the body by the immune system itself as a result of superinfection.

Basically, the body fights a new foreign pathogen in terms of attrition. Kill infected cells as fast as possible. When we have immune memory, this is because of "educated" T and B cells that have changed their receptors to match the incoming invader. So it can selectively kill infected cells like a marksmen. A naive immune response, as with an entirely new pathogen, has not yet had the time to "class switch" the receptors in T and B cells to match the infection. So, it uses brute force tactics to keep the pathogen at bay until the "targeted" response in ready. So instead of sharpshooters, we have a bunch of trigger happy cells with flamethrowers.

This is why vaccines work. They allow the immune system to "sample" a pathogens proteins without actually having to deal with an infection. So, when you do get infected, the immune system already has the how-to manual and a mug shot.
 
So death comminh from autoimun behavior ???


"It's a Lupus yet"... Dr House !

Close, but a little off. An autoimmune disease is a broad term that refers to when the body's immune system selectively targets itself for any of a hundred reasons. Examples include type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, celiacs disease, multiple sclerosis, and lupus. This is not the "flamethrower" response I was talking about before. This is an "educated" response where the immune system is getting accidentally educated on its own body.

Sepsis is from the flamethrower response. The body knows very well that it has a severe infection but can't selectively kill the pathogen yet. So it cordons off whole neighborhoods of cells and burns them to the ground.
 
Oh I can respect that and I can stop., no offense intented, it's also to de stress ! So you don't like black humor and lot of you, you are speaking also ! No problem, hope I have offensed noone. Seemed to me you wasn't the last at anedocts, I eventually thought what you call politic may also alert peope and correct some behavior. Because there are many sheeps that follow without reflexion as ar it comes from executives !

It's not politic in my mind it's how some people don't rrespect life because they think themselves above you and me and play with lives... So let me be clear before I stop : it's not about politic, it's about basic some should observe. And yes I like to laugh at them to death a shumor is the only thing I can do, humor is good for health as well. Anyway if I chocked you or anyoneelse I appologize. If critics helped to move some lines for people to react faster I have no regrets though ! Sometimes what some think to be elite has to be critisized because some could follow them as prophet at their life risk !


Edit : what jackinj linked also is for me very more politic, sorry !
 
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This might be a good time to be HIV+!

The Chinese used AI to predict which available medications are most likely to yield good results with Covi-19. The vast majority are HIV drugs, the most likely being atazanavir followed by efavirenz, ritonavir and dolutegravir.
All fairly common anti HIV meds.

The one listed in the tables I recognized and which is not a HIV med is aciclovir.

Might be something to it because I also saw a list of medications currently in short supply in Germany and efavirenz is one of them. Given that that is a very common HIV med I suspect the Germans are using it for something else besides HIV. The death rate in Germany is still ridiculously low with 12 327 identified cases and only 28 deaths.
Hydroxychloroquine is also in short supply in Germany.

On a more personal and disconcerting note I spoke to my mother in Germany today and she had a newly acquired dry cough. The wheels were set rolling and she will be tested soon!
 

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A legit case for wearing dust masks?

A good video of some simulations:

YouTube

I watched the video you posted.

The presenter made a case for wearing a dust mask (N95 type) to reduce the amount of inoculum one is exposed to. For example if you're exposed to an infected individual some virions will make it into your respiratory system around the edges of the mask but many more will be blocked. This means that the exponential viral growth will start at a much lower number giving your body a longer time to mount an immunological response before the viral load gets so high you start to have a fever.

He makes a case that this will result in improved ability to fight off the virus because you've started off with a reduced viral load.

Makes sense to me, but this is not something that I really know much about. If this is something that anyone else has some expertise in I'd be interested in hearing an informed opinion...

Thanks...
 
Btw chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine appear to be effective in the same way:
They open up pathways for zinc to enter our cells and the zinc in turn inhibits the virus' ability to hijack the cell.

However both chloroquines are prescription only and so hard to get hold of.
Quercetin however does a similar job, has been used with some success in Ebola and Zika infections and it is available over the counter. It is a flavinoid derived from plants like caper, kale, red onions etc. The drawback is that most of it degrades readily while passing through our digestive system. When used for Ebola the oral dose was something like 5-7g which is a lot. The tablets available are usually 500mg.
 
Interesting article from Nature on SarsCov path to C19.
If I'm reading correctly C19 is not manmade but Sars is possible and escaped.

Nature made this communication free.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9.pdf

That was interesting, thanks. I didn't see anything that would make me think SARS was possibly manmade and escaped. Can you point out what made you feel that was a possibility? Either it's not there or I missed it (very possible.)
Thanks for sharing that...
Glenn
 
That was interesting, thanks. I didn't see anything that would make me think SARS was possibly manmade and escaped. Can you point out what made you feel that was a possibility? Either it's not there or I missed it (very possible.)
Thanks for sharing that...
Glenn

Regarding the link you posted...A quote in the movie, "Colossus, the Forbin Project" comes to mind..."This is way beyond me..."
I was always way short on Biology.
Extra credit for those who memorized what Dr. Charles Forbin says next.



------------------------------------------------------------Rick........
 
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Covid 19 is caused by the SARS2 virus.

I'm only a pedestrian in the genetics area.
The paper has several mentions of 'we do not believe' type of wording.
I guess my point is we were told early by biomedia that impossible for c19 to
have manipulated (intentional or not) origins but Nature's article shows the possible path.So now I'm not sure what to believe.
 

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Interesting article from Nature on SarsCov path to C19.
If I'm reading correctly C19 is not manmade but Sars is possible and escaped.

Nature made this communication free.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9.pdf

From the conclusions at the end of the article:

Although the evidence shows that SARSCoV-2 is not a purposefully manipulated
virus, it is currently impossible to prove
or disprove the other theories of its origin
described here
 
I'm only a pedestrian in the genetics area.
The paper has several mentions of 'we do not believe' type of wording.
I guess my point is we were told early by biomedia that impossible for c19 to
have manipulated (intentional or not) origins but Nature's article shows the possible path. So now I'm not sure what to believe.

I think the end of the quote you provide is important. The authors state that a species jump from pangolins is a more likely explanation.

Take a look at figure 1a where they show the amino acid sequence ~ 460 to 500 of the receptor binding domain. They have several rows were they compare the amino acid sequence of various coronavirus sequences with that of SARS-CoV-2. The first row is SARS-CoV-2 and the 2nd is a bat coronavirus and the 3rd is a pangolin coronavirus. Very carefully examine the 1st and 3rd rows and compare them. They are almost (not quite) exactly the same.

I think what they've done is ask the question "is this man made?" They look very closely at the mutational change that appears to be optimized for binding to the human receptor ACE2. They investigate and determine that it is from a species jump to pangolins not from a mutation in culture. That is their conclusion here.

Some important quotes (some taken out of context.)

, some pangolin coronaviruses exhibit strong similarity to SARS-CoV-2 in the RBD, including all six key RBD residues21 (Fig. 1). This clearly shows that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein optimized for binding to human-like ACE2 is the result of natural selection.

Theories of SARS-CoV-2 origins
It is improbable that SARS-CoV-2 emerged through laboratory manipulation of a related SARS-CoV-like coronavirus.

. This is strong evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is not the product of purposeful manipulation.
 
Regarding the link you posted...A quote in the movie, "Colossus, the Forbin Project" comes to mind..."This is way beyond me..."
I was always way short on Biology.
Extra credit for those who memorized what Dr. Charles Forbin says next.



------------------------------------------------------------Rick........

Ok, its been a while since I watched that gem of a movie. So no extra credit for me!

I'm sure I'm not the only one who wants to know....

What did Dr. Charles Forbin say next?
 
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