@galu - yes that's it re Boltzmann. It also applies to noise etc and all sorts of other physical processes - as for example in the noise in semiconductors and resistors.
Here's a short article by Peter Baxandall on the subject
http://hifisonix.com/wordpress/wp-c...oise-in-Transistor-Circuits-P-J-Baxandall.pdf
Here's a short article by Peter Baxandall on the subject
http://hifisonix.com/wordpress/wp-c...oise-in-Transistor-Circuits-P-J-Baxandall.pdf
The energy release comparison is worth emphasising here:
8 kWh of heat can be generated from 1 kg of coal.
12 kWh from 1 kg of mineral oil.
24,000,000 kWh from 1 kg of uranium-235.
8 kWh of heat can be generated from 1 kg of coal.
12 kWh from 1 kg of mineral oil.
24,000,000 kWh from 1 kg of uranium-235.
You call eleven pages of dense text short? 😀
Save me some effort, Bonsai - on what page is Boltzmann's constant mentioned ?
Thermodynamics says no free lunch, bummer.
Obviously, Boltzmann and his buddies must have made some mistake. Find it and the possibilities are endless!
Obviously, Boltzmann and his buddies must have made some mistake. Find it and the possibilities are endless!
I wouldn't believe a word out of lobbyists for the Nuclear Industry... 😀
Beyond that you get a lot of energy. Reason most countries are keen on getting Nuclear Energy is to make bombs. 😡
Fuel comparison - ENS
Radioactivity was the one thing I was most careful with in the Physics Laboratory. Filthy stuff. Nobody knows what to do with the waste. See Fukushima and Chernobyl. Oh wait. I sound like a tree-hugger... 😱
I have been continuing to calculate. When I were a lad at College and in charge of lighting and electrics on entertainments, we noticed how 1000 paying punters crammed into our concert hall made the place extremely hot. I calculated that each one was radiating 100W of heat. Well do the sums, that's 100 1 kW electric fires!
Turns out my estimate was spot on. A healthy 70kg student eating and drinking 2000 kilocalories a day is 8370 kJ. Divide by 3600 to convert to kWh and you get 2.325 kWh per 24 hour day. Just about 100W! We are old 100W lightbulbs in energy terms.
But there is more! It is a simple calculation to work out it takes 1260 kilocalories to warm our 70kg bodies to 18C above ambient. This is 5266 kJ. Or about 1.47 kWh.
Now when the cops find a stiff in the boot of someone's car, as often happens in my Michael Connelly crime novels, how do they know the time of death? This is vital for the innocent and guilty suspect's alibi.
You might guess with 1.47 kWh to lose at 100W, about 7 hours. Actually it is about 9 hours to lose half the body heat here, because it's exponential decay. I always wondered. 😎
Algor mortis - Wikipedia
Beyond that you get a lot of energy. Reason most countries are keen on getting Nuclear Energy is to make bombs. 😡
Fuel comparison - ENS
Radioactivity was the one thing I was most careful with in the Physics Laboratory. Filthy stuff. Nobody knows what to do with the waste. See Fukushima and Chernobyl. Oh wait. I sound like a tree-hugger... 😱
I have been continuing to calculate. When I were a lad at College and in charge of lighting and electrics on entertainments, we noticed how 1000 paying punters crammed into our concert hall made the place extremely hot. I calculated that each one was radiating 100W of heat. Well do the sums, that's 100 1 kW electric fires!
Turns out my estimate was spot on. A healthy 70kg student eating and drinking 2000 kilocalories a day is 8370 kJ. Divide by 3600 to convert to kWh and you get 2.325 kWh per 24 hour day. Just about 100W! We are old 100W lightbulbs in energy terms.
But there is more! It is a simple calculation to work out it takes 1260 kilocalories to warm our 70kg bodies to 18C above ambient. This is 5266 kJ. Or about 1.47 kWh.
Now when the cops find a stiff in the boot of someone's car, as often happens in my Michael Connelly crime novels, how do they know the time of death? This is vital for the innocent and guilty suspect's alibi.
You might guess with 1.47 kWh to lose at 100W, about 7 hours. Actually it is about 9 hours to lose half the body heat here, because it's exponential decay. I always wondered. 😎
Algor mortis - Wikipedia
Can you calculate the impact of Fukushima and Chernobyl on the Earth's mantle, once they inevitably burn through?
Galu said:
But there is more! 😀
With one kilo of enriched Uranium 235 fissioned comes an exciting near kilo of stuff like Strontium 90, Iodine 131 and Caesium 137!
Strontium-90 - Wikipedia
Iodine-131 - Wikipedia
Caesium-137 - Wikipedia
They can't give it away... er, except at Chernobyl and Fukushima and numerous other accidents. 😱
Fascinating classified film released by the Russians. The biggest bomb ever! Like watching a 1950's Science Fiction B movie. Tsar Bomba weighing in at a cool 50Mt. That's 2000 times Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Quite a clean bomb actually. 97% of the yield was environmentally cleaner Hydrogen bomb technology:
Испытание чистой водородной бомбы мощностью 50 млн тонн - YouTube
I don't know if any Polar Bears or Puffins were harmed in the making of this film.
Tsar Bomba - Wikipedia
I learned something most interesting about Good Ol' Iron 56, which is the end product of all nuclear fusion and fission.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Isotopes
Not many people know that!
Perhaps not the quantum tunnelling detail, but the ultimate end product of iron was discussed in a pretty comprehensive programme about the stars on BBC4 just a few nights back.
P.S. Thanks for the page reference, Bonsai.
P.S. Thanks for the page reference, Bonsai.
I have been calculating again, and google has probably already notified GCHQ of my interest in things Nuclear:
It takes about 60kg of Uranium 235 to make a bomb. Little Boy at Hiroshima was such a device. About 15 kt of TNT equivalent.
Plutonium 239 is the stuff for me! Only needs 11 kg, and that can be reduced to 6kg with some trickery. Fat Man at Nagasaki was this sort of thing. About 25kT.
Tsar Bomba at 50mt was Russia's answer to Krakatoa. About 1/4 of Krakatoa apparently.
I also examined the World's current plan to get Zero emissions. Very long story and some of it quite improbable IMO.
All about renewable sources of clean energy. A simultaneous attack on multiple greenhouse gases and pollution which are produced by everything we like.
I seriously doubt if anything will come of it except huge profits for big corporations.
Our government can't even run a tax on horrible plastic carrier bags. 10p per plastic bag? It doesn't take a genius to notice that better paper carriers are 3p on eBay. Good for turtles and bad for jellyfish. 🙂
It takes about 60kg of Uranium 235 to make a bomb. Little Boy at Hiroshima was such a device. About 15 kt of TNT equivalent.
Plutonium 239 is the stuff for me! Only needs 11 kg, and that can be reduced to 6kg with some trickery. Fat Man at Nagasaki was this sort of thing. About 25kT.
Tsar Bomba at 50mt was Russia's answer to Krakatoa. About 1/4 of Krakatoa apparently.
I also examined the World's current plan to get Zero emissions. Very long story and some of it quite improbable IMO.
All about renewable sources of clean energy. A simultaneous attack on multiple greenhouse gases and pollution which are produced by everything we like.
I seriously doubt if anything will come of it except huge profits for big corporations.
Our government can't even run a tax on horrible plastic carrier bags. 10p per plastic bag? It doesn't take a genius to notice that better paper carriers are 3p on eBay. Good for turtles and bad for jellyfish. 🙂
... I've sort of missed out on a bit of the previous discussion here guys.
What are the prices per kWh at the moment?
Here it's quickly rising because of the cables to Germany and UK, so I've ordered solar cells and a bedrock based heatpump...
Interesting....
That ground source heat pump - how much energy can you get from it, and how much energy in does it need to run?
That ground source heat pump - how much energy can you get from it, and how much energy in does it need to run?
The average cost of electricity in the UK is 14.4p per kWh, according to a quick search. In addition, there's a standing charge of around 20.6p per day.
How up to date that information is, I'm not sure - I would have to ask my wife! 😉
I hope you've done your homework with regard to the geological considerations! 🙂
http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/7964/1/final_paper.pdf
In an ideal installation, they say that for every unit of electricity used by the pump, you can get between two and four units of heat.
We had an air source heat pump at my previous house. Superb. Can’t say anything about the ground source heat pump unfortunately.
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