What is the Universe expanding into..

Do you think there was anything before the big bang?

  • I don't think there was anything before the Big Bang

    Votes: 56 12.5%
  • I think something existed before the Big Bang

    Votes: 200 44.7%
  • I don't think the big bang happened

    Votes: 54 12.1%
  • I think the universe is part of a mutiverse

    Votes: 201 45.0%

  • Total voters
    447
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The answer for this is well known. The electrostatic force between the electron and the positive nucleus causes the electron to accelerate towards the nucleus resulting in orbital motion. The motion however, is governed by the laws of Quantum Mechanics which impose the limitation of having quantised energy. So, the possible electron orbital velocities are not a continuum but discrete. This quantisation of electron orbital velocities gives rise to energy levels and the characteristic spectra as emitted by excited atoms.
So how does this possibly translate to gravity?
 
So how does this possibly translate to gravity?
Again, it can't!

The Standard Model of Particle Physics specifies the rules by which every particle in the universe interacts with every other particle e.g. the interaction between electrons and protons in the atom.)

The sole exception is that it does not account for gravity.

The big problem for physicists is that the Standard Model cannot be meshed with Einstein's general relativity, which is currently our best theory of gravity.

The holy grail of current research is to find a theory which unifies the Standard Model with gravity, the so-called Grand Unified Theory.

I've attached the 'Master Equation' of the Standard Model - you see, it's all mathematics and hard to put into words! 😉
 

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why did the energy exist in the first place....
We don't really know what existed before the Big Bang.

Here's what Stephen Hawking had to say on events prior to the Big Bang:

Before the Big Bang time was bent - it was always reaching closer to nothing but didn't become nothing. Essentially, there was never a Big Bang that produced something from nothing. It just seemed that way from mankind's point of perspective.

Events before the Big Bang are simply not defined, because there's no way one could measure what happened at them. Since events before the Big Bang have no observational consequences, one may as well cut them out of the theory, and say that time began at the Big Bang.
You see, sometimes we have to accept thare is no answer!
 
Again, it can't!

The Standard Model of Particle Physics specifies the rules by which every particle in the universe interacts with every other particle e.g. the interaction between electrons and protons in the atom.)

The sole exception is that it does not account for gravity.

The big problem for physicists is that the Standard Model cannot be meshed with Einstein's general relativity, which is currently our best theory of gravity.

The holy grail of current research is to find a theory which unifies the Standard Model with gravity, the so-called Grand Unified Theory.

I've attached the 'Master Equation' of the Standard Model - you see, it's all mathematics and hard to put into words! 😉


Yes, that’s the challenge facing scientists as I understand it Galu.
 
I suspect somewhere along the line, EMR will have to be revisited or even reinterpreted.

Ask any physicist what EMR is and they will tell you it’s a field - nothing more to add. With Maxwell’s equations we are able to describe - and predict- it’s behavior with exquisite precision (think LHC for example) but there there is no more fundamental explanation as to what it is other than a field.

Then think about the consequences of the double slit experiment. A photon leaves an object on the other side of the universe a billion years after the BB. Circa 12 billion years later, that photon which has a spheroidal radiation pattern, has a wavefront that extends billions of light years across. The photon then intersects with an atom on the coating of a telescope mirror and instantly ceases to exist anywhere - the best analogy being like a bubble getting popped. Best of all, that photon, because it’s travelled at the speed of light, ‘experienced’ no passage of time - it was created and destroyed in an instant.
 
In classical electromagnetism, the concept of the 'field' is introduced to help visualise the spooky 'action at a distance' forces that act between charged particles.

For example, an electric field is defined as a region of space in which a charged particle will experience a force of electrical origin - note that this does not explain how the force actually comes about!

The concept of the field is useful, however, as in the case of the magnetic field round a bar magnet which allows us to visualise the 'lines of force'.

In modern quantum field theory, the force between charged particles is explained by the exchange of other particles. For example, the photon is the particle responsible for carrying the repulsive force between two electrons.

Think of this mechanism as being like two children, each on roller skates, passing a football between each other and, as a result, moving apart.
 
Transistors are similar in that electrons passing through the barrier actually disappear and reappear on the other side. Action that we know takes place but has no explanation.


I could definitely be bonging here:scratch2:


But I did read something to the effect in an article.
 
A photon leaves an object on the other side of the universe a billion years after the BB. Circa 12 billion years later, that photon which has a spheroidal radiation pattern, has a wavefront that extends billions of light years across.
If we imagine a single photon being sent from a great distance away, wouldn't the wave function that describes its motion through space look like a plane wave, not a circular one?

I submit that the wave function of the photon is only revealed after it is detected. It's position remains a probability up to the point of detection when it becomes a certainty.
 
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