When the first astronauts went into space, they saw all sorts of things that were unsettling. Some said they were angels or ghosts or aliens. After a lot of work it was determined that they were seeing Cerenkov radiation, caused by high speed charged particles striking the eyeball itself. The particle could strike a retinal cell directly and trigger it, or it could exceed the speed of light in the aqueous humor and create a streak of light in the eyeball itself.
Cherenkov radiation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The verifying tests were performed by putting the subject's head in the exit path of a particle accelerator (typically a cyclotron -- not a circlotron). Brave test subjects...
Scott: If/when you come to visit, we'll do a food truck tour. One of the trucks features Indian-style migas. My favorite concert spot serves panaanis, which are exactly what you'd think.
Ed
Last week or so I posted a picture from a paper with results from MEMS research. Even at sub-micron spacing the breakdown is volts, nine orders of magnitude left.
Nice bibliography here, more than you would ever want to know about metal to metal contacts.
http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/3851/1/etd.pdf
And lets go down three orders of magnitude to pico-volts. People do work at this level (notice the screw lug inputs).
EM D.C. PICOVOLTMETER MODEL P12 Specification.
EDIT - Notice also +- 100pV range, so now we have a FAT zero.
Last week or so I posted a picture from a paper with results from MEMS research. Even at sub-micron spacing the breakdown is volts, nine orders of magnitude left.
Nice bibliography here, more than you would ever want to know about metal to metal contacts.
http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/3851/1/etd.pdf
And lets go down three orders of magnitude to pico-volts. People do work at this level (notice the screw lug inputs).
EM D.C. PICOVOLTMETER MODEL P12 Specification.
EDIT - Notice also +- 100pV range, so now we have a FAT zero.
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If you were here, you'd know why. 😀 Come on out for JanFest and we'll show you what fine TexMex street food tastes like and how to pair it with Shiner.
Beats me..😕
I did eat a whole lotta stuff down mehico-way that I could not identify, all of it good. What suprised me was the lacka heat in the salsa they give touristas.
All I know is...it's hot down there in Austin..
John
By October (JanFest time), it's actually quite pleasant.
Chunos (sorry for the orthography) are a Native American version of Tater Tots.
Chunos (sorry for the orthography) are a Native American version of Tater Tots.
Scott,
I am beginning to believe the world will end if we ever see these issues the same way.
For example you cite Paschen's Law as if it bound the behavior of electric arcs. It is a mathematical model based on observation. Parts of it have been shown to be wrong and additional work like Geary's on arc formation shed much more light on these issues.
The nano switch paper is quite thorough and does cover a lot of what is going on. It also provides insight into why cable may be power directional! However it also mention switch contamination films how to arc or wipe them clean and that the minimum test power levels are .5 mw. So I don't understand why you think it supports your assertion that mechanical contacts don't require a minimum voltage (or current if you prefer) to start conducting.
As to the Pico voltmeter, it shows a brilliant approach to solving the problem! I will try to use some of what I have learned in improving switching and audio interconnects.
ES
I only showed recent research on extending it to sub-micro geometries, theory and experimental result
I mentioned bibliogrphy especially, [29] N. Agrait, A. L. Yehati and J. M. V. Ruitenbeek, “Quantum properties of atomic sized
conductors,” Physics Reports, 377: pp. 81-279, 2003
This is mentioned in reference to the three models of conduction across a contact. In all cases contamination is a no connect area.
No one I know can figure out how it works. Solving what problem? You can clearly measure pV with a wire from your circuit mechanically attached to a copper lug on the input.
Two hints:
What is it's input impedance?
How long does a measurement take?
Brilliant design or so I think!
I have gotten some very interesting results from my experiments. One of them is I can't make the measurements when there are thunderstorms in the area! (That may turn out to be a biggie!!!)
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Scott,
If you want to post a link to a specific paper I will read it. But general quotes are a waste of time. We both read things quite differently. If someone posts "The sky is blue." One of use will read that as meaning a bright sunny day and the other as the sky is sad.
ES
If you want to post a link to a specific paper I will read it. But general quotes are a waste of time. We both read things quite differently. If someone posts "The sky is blue." One of use will read that as meaning a bright sunny day and the other as the sky is sad.
ES
Time varying so we figure it's some kind of chopper (sort of has to be). You can filter down all you want and wait like any other measurement. I though you meant how do they avoid the +-1nV dead zone.
Next question: estimate the order of magnitudes differences between Simon7000's thunderstorm vs. picovolt measurement techniques... (envelopes only, no calculators allowed)
But I digress: Haggis can be a truly transcendant thing when notfried.
But I digress: Haggis can be a truly transcendant thing when notfried.
Oh Joshua,
Same old stuff. That's fine. At least I can find reasons for why things sound different. You might have to invest in some better test equipment to have any luck at all looking for changes in measurements. Until you do have decent stuff to work with, your observations are in fact true for you. You can hear differences, but are completely unable to measure anything changing.
Everyone else will continue correlating what they hear with what they can measure. This must be frustrating to know you can't find answers.
Hi sottomano,
Joshua and I have history you may not be aware of. However, Joshua's post after mine is pretty long as well.
My biggest concern is that we are dealing with truth and reproducible experiments. That's it, that's all.
-Chris 🙂
Same old stuff. That's fine. At least I can find reasons for why things sound different. You might have to invest in some better test equipment to have any luck at all looking for changes in measurements. Until you do have decent stuff to work with, your observations are in fact true for you. You can hear differences, but are completely unable to measure anything changing.
Everyone else will continue correlating what they hear with what they can measure. This must be frustrating to know you can't find answers.
Hi sottomano,
Joshua and I have history you may not be aware of. However, Joshua's post after mine is pretty long as well.
My biggest concern is that we are dealing with truth and reproducible experiments. That's it, that's all.
-Chris 🙂
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