Hi,
Agreed.
Yet there are other qualities to tubes I rarely hear from SS amps. Dynamic range comes to mind, overload behaviour and so on.
Sure tubes aren't perfect but to my mind it's a lot easier to make a good sounding tube amp than it is to make a good SS amp.
Parodoxically one could say it's quite possible to make a very well measuring SS amp with no assurance whatsoever that it will actually sound good....
Conversely...O.K. I'll shut up.
Yes. Pop recordings (Steely Dan is pretty much straight forwarded) are notorious for being overproduced so I wouldn't expect to hear "air" on most of those.
Small jazz ensembles or chamber music, when minimally miked and carefully transferred are far easier.
Cheers,
Agreed.
Yet there are other qualities to tubes I rarely hear from SS amps. Dynamic range comes to mind, overload behaviour and so on.
Sure tubes aren't perfect but to my mind it's a lot easier to make a good sounding tube amp than it is to make a good SS amp.
Parodoxically one could say it's quite possible to make a very well measuring SS amp with no assurance whatsoever that it will actually sound good....
Conversely...O.K. I'll shut up.
Yes. Pop recordings (Steely Dan is pretty much straight forwarded) are notorious for being overproduced so I wouldn't expect to hear "air" on most of those.
Small jazz ensembles or chamber music, when minimally miked and carefully transferred are far easier.
Cheers,
Did you read a modern scientist Ervin Lazslo? He has some as well...
YouTube - SUSTAINABLE TRANSFORMATION: An Interview with Ervin Laszlo
I found something interesting here:
J7 FUZZY DISTORTION IN ANALOG AMPLIFIERS: A LIMIT TO INFORMATION TRANSMISSION?, M.O.J. Hawksford, JAES, vol.31, no.10, pp.745-754, October 1983
http://www.essex.ac.uk/csee/research/audio_lab/malcolmspubdocs/J7 Fuzzy distortion.pdf
Malcolm Hawksford - Publications
Also, note that when electrons travel through materials, they travel through the conduction bands in the materials. In metals, the gap between the conduction bands and valence bands is relatively small which makes them good conductors. In most non-metals, the gap between the conduction bands and valence bands is large making them bad conductors, ie. good insulators. The conduction bands are shared between the atoms in a solid and the valence bands are at lower energy levels and are associated with individual atoms.
J7 FUZZY DISTORTION IN ANALOG AMPLIFIERS: A LIMIT TO INFORMATION TRANSMISSION?, M.O.J. Hawksford, JAES, vol.31, no.10, pp.745-754, October 1983
http://www.essex.ac.uk/csee/research/audio_lab/malcolmspubdocs/J7 Fuzzy distortion.pdf
Malcolm Hawksford - Publications
Also, note that when electrons travel through materials, they travel through the conduction bands in the materials. In metals, the gap between the conduction bands and valence bands is relatively small which makes them good conductors. In most non-metals, the gap between the conduction bands and valence bands is large making them bad conductors, ie. good insulators. The conduction bands are shared between the atoms in a solid and the valence bands are at lower energy levels and are associated with individual atoms.
Read this patent about oxygen free copper cables for more fantastic revelations.
Method of producing electrical conductor - Google Patent Search
Method of producing electrical conductor - Google Patent Search
It is a long time since I studied any solid-state physics, and my memory is not what it was, but I seem to remember:
Bands are about permissible energy states, not corridors for electrons to move along.
In metals, the top valence band overlaps the conduction band so electrons are free to move.
In semiconductors, there is a small gap so thermal energy can promote a few electrons.
In insulators there is a large gap.
All bands are the result of the periodic crystal lattice; individual atoms have discrete electron shells. However, it may be true that the lower bands are not as broad as the upper bands.
As soon as an electron starts moving it gets scattered by a dislocation or other lattice defect, or a phonon or impurities - hence resistance and Ohm's Law. Note that impurities contribute to Ohm's Law e.g. linearity, not distortion.
How am I doing?
PS I suspect that Hawksford's stuff on fuzzy things is wrong. It ought to be possible to scientifically confirm or deny it, and it probably would have been seen in areas such as charge sensitive amplifiers in nuclear instrumentation if it existed. It may simply be an example of shot noise.
Bands are about permissible energy states, not corridors for electrons to move along.
In metals, the top valence band overlaps the conduction band so electrons are free to move.
In semiconductors, there is a small gap so thermal energy can promote a few electrons.
In insulators there is a large gap.
All bands are the result of the periodic crystal lattice; individual atoms have discrete electron shells. However, it may be true that the lower bands are not as broad as the upper bands.
As soon as an electron starts moving it gets scattered by a dislocation or other lattice defect, or a phonon or impurities - hence resistance and Ohm's Law. Note that impurities contribute to Ohm's Law e.g. linearity, not distortion.
How am I doing?
PS I suspect that Hawksford's stuff on fuzzy things is wrong. It ought to be possible to scientifically confirm or deny it, and it probably would have been seen in areas such as charge sensitive amplifiers in nuclear instrumentation if it existed. It may simply be an example of shot noise.
The Quantum Purifier ???... Just when you think you have seen your fill of bovine excrement, another one comes along!
So does this one have a 'saturation' level? Or do I have to clean the "filter" of dirty Quarks, Muons or some such undesirable particles?
______________________________________________________Rick.....
So does this one have a 'saturation' level? Or do I have to clean the "filter" of dirty Quarks, Muons or some such undesirable particles?
______________________________________________________Rick.....
Band Theory of Solids
A useful way to visualize the difference between conductors, insulators and semiconductors is to plot the available energies for electrons in the materials. Instead of having discrete energies as in the case of free atoms, the available energy states form bands. Crucial to the conduction process is whether or not there are electrons in the conduction band. In insulators the electrons in the valence band are separated by a large gap from the conduction band, in conductors like metals the valence band overlaps the conduction band, and in semiconductors there is a small enough gap between the valence and conduction bands that thermal or other excitations can bridge the gap. With such a small gap, the presence of a small percentage of a doping material can increase conductivity dramatically.
An important parameter in the band theory is the Fermi level, the top of the available electron energy levels at low temperatures. The position of the Fermi level with the relation to the conduction band is a crucial factor in determining electrical properties.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/band.html
A useful way to visualize the difference between conductors, insulators and semiconductors is to plot the available energies for electrons in the materials. Instead of having discrete energies as in the case of free atoms, the available energy states form bands. Crucial to the conduction process is whether or not there are electrons in the conduction band. In insulators the electrons in the valence band are separated by a large gap from the conduction band, in conductors like metals the valence band overlaps the conduction band, and in semiconductors there is a small enough gap between the valence and conduction bands that thermal or other excitations can bridge the gap. With such a small gap, the presence of a small percentage of a doping material can increase conductivity dramatically.
An important parameter in the band theory is the Fermi level, the top of the available electron energy levels at low temperatures. The position of the Fermi level with the relation to the conduction band is a crucial factor in determining electrical properties.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/band.html
Do you know who the author is? You lie when you imply that that's my only source. I posted information from more than one source.
. . . throws toys out of pram!
That is twice today on this forum I have seen someone throw a wobbly (as we say in the UK) when someone else had the temerity to disagree with an allegedly 'scientific' statement which was actually false. Some things are true, some things are matters of opinion, but some other things are just untrue.
I know this is supposed to be a hobby, but if we choose a scientific hobby we should not object to the constraints of science. If I talk nonsense (it does happen!) I am grateful for someone putting me straight - even though it hurts my pride a little.
That is twice today on this forum I have seen someone throw a wobbly (as we say in the UK) when someone else had the temerity to disagree with an allegedly 'scientific' statement which was actually false. Some things are true, some things are matters of opinion, but some other things are just untrue.
I know this is supposed to be a hobby, but if we choose a scientific hobby we should not object to the constraints of science. If I talk nonsense (it does happen!) I am grateful for someone putting me straight - even though it hurts my pride a little.
I think that most physicists would agree with you there. However you have posted incorrect information. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity due to a partially filled energy band. To take 2 adjacent elements, sodium and magnesium; in the case of the former it is because of a single 3s valence electron but in the latter there is a large band overlap.
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