The presence of dark matter, and dark energy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy
cause the apparent expansion.
Wikipedia Quote from the above article
"If the acceleration continues indefinitely, the ultimate result will be that galaxies outside the local supercluster will have a line-of-sight velocity that continually increases with time, eventually far exceeding the speed of light.[43] This is not a violation of special relativity because the notion of "velocity" used here is different from that of velocity in a local inertial frame of reference, which is still constrained to be less than the speed of light for any massive object (see Uses of the proper distance for a discussion of the subtleties of defining any notion of relative velocity in cosmology). Because the Hubble parameter is decreasing with time, there can actually be cases where a galaxy that is receding from us faster than light does manage to emit a signal which reaches us eventually.[44][45] However, because of the accelerating expansion, it is projected that most galaxies will eventually cross a type of cosmological event horizon where any light they emit past that point will never be able to reach us at any time in the infinite future[46] because the light never reaches a point where its "peculiar velocity" toward us exceeds the expansion velocity away from us (these two notions of velocity are also discussed in Uses of the proper distance). Assuming the dark energy is constant (a cosmological constant), the current distance to this cosmological event horizon is about 16 billion light years, meaning that a signal from an event happening at present would eventually be able to reach us in the future if the event were less than 16 billion light years away, but the signal would never reach us if the event were more than 16 billion light years away.[45]'
cause the apparent expansion.
Wikipedia Quote from the above article
"If the acceleration continues indefinitely, the ultimate result will be that galaxies outside the local supercluster will have a line-of-sight velocity that continually increases with time, eventually far exceeding the speed of light.[43] This is not a violation of special relativity because the notion of "velocity" used here is different from that of velocity in a local inertial frame of reference, which is still constrained to be less than the speed of light for any massive object (see Uses of the proper distance for a discussion of the subtleties of defining any notion of relative velocity in cosmology). Because the Hubble parameter is decreasing with time, there can actually be cases where a galaxy that is receding from us faster than light does manage to emit a signal which reaches us eventually.[44][45] However, because of the accelerating expansion, it is projected that most galaxies will eventually cross a type of cosmological event horizon where any light they emit past that point will never be able to reach us at any time in the infinite future[46] because the light never reaches a point where its "peculiar velocity" toward us exceeds the expansion velocity away from us (these two notions of velocity are also discussed in Uses of the proper distance). Assuming the dark energy is constant (a cosmological constant), the current distance to this cosmological event horizon is about 16 billion light years, meaning that a signal from an event happening at present would eventually be able to reach us in the future if the event were less than 16 billion light years away, but the signal would never reach us if the event were more than 16 billion light years away.[45]'
Entanglements could still allow a signal to reach us.
Holes might be similar enough to become so entangled.
Holes might be similar enough to become so entangled.
😎 ... "could".
Have you heard about VOG (Voice Of God) overhead speaker in an Auro-3D setup? ...New surround sound theater.
Let us remind that in caps: Energy is not stored in plates,
nor in electrons piled up on those plates. Its stored in the
gap. The empty space between plates, or empty spaces
within a dielectric material.
Let us remind that in inductors: Energy is not stored in
windings, nor winding currents, nor any core material.
It is only stored in empty space, or gaps of empty space
between bits of Nickle, Iron, or Cobalt.
Both work for exactly the same reason, precisely because
energy can be stored in NOTHING.
So, the magnetic field of a hole or neutron star:
Let the reader ponder the ramifications...
nor in electrons piled up on those plates. Its stored in the
gap. The empty space between plates, or empty spaces
within a dielectric material.
Let us remind that in inductors: Energy is not stored in
windings, nor winding currents, nor any core material.
It is only stored in empty space, or gaps of empty space
between bits of Nickle, Iron, or Cobalt.
Both work for exactly the same reason, precisely because
energy can be stored in NOTHING.
So, the magnetic field of a hole or neutron star:
Let the reader ponder the ramifications...
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Not exactly.
Whenever you have an electric field or a magnetic field, or both, energy is stored inside the field.
This can be easily verified by the heat dissipation due to dielectric/magnetic anisotropy/hysteresis in real world dielectric and magnetic materials.
Energy cannot be stored in "NOTHING", you need at least a field.
Even vacuum has its own energy, experimentally proved by Casimir effect.
Yes, the field IS the energy, and it's in a vacuum, which is the closest thing to nothing there is, even with all the virtual particles in it.
What begs explanation is why either an electric or magnetic field alone,
regardless of the intensity, cannot produce matter? Reality demands both
at 90 degrees angle to produce photons, which may then split into electron
positron pairs...
Its interesting isn't it,
The most "insignificant" things we see around us are universal facts. The theory of everything is already here "Now" nothing in the universe that we need to find it, is not already here. We just need to become aware of it. Or see it in a different way.
This has made me ask the question..can energy exist without matter? Google gives some interesting answers, however this is a fundamental question for the existence of the universe.
Answers seem to range from they are both the same, to photons<<which are effected by gravity.
Can you have a "something" I was going to say space or area (however its meaningless) that has only energy?
Regards
M. Gregg
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Knowledge of universe is vast. Will take generations to know. Reminds me of Carl Sagan's Contact movie scene.
Small moves Ellie, small moves.
Regards.
Small moves Ellie, small moves.
Regards.
OK, I'm so bad with words and my Tarzan-English doesn't help, so let me start again, with some math.
I have no idea what an electric/magnetic field is, except for some of the things it does.
As I said before, energy is stored inside the electric field
W = (1/8π) ∫(E . D) dV
Inside the dielectric (ε>1)
Wd = (1/8π)∫(Ed . Dd) dV = (1/8π)∫(E . ε E) dV = (ε/8π)∫E² dV
Inside empty spaces (ε=1)
We = (1/8π) ∫(Ee . De) dV = (1/8π)∫(E . E) dV = (1/8π)∫E² dV
Then, for the same volume
Wd > We
That's the idea to put a dielectric with ε>1, you can store more energy.
As I said before, energy is stored inside the magnetic field
W = (1/8π) ∫(H . B) dV
Inside the magnetic material (μ>1)
Wm = (1/8π)∫(Hm . Bm) dV = (1/8π)∫(B/μ . B) dV = (1/8πμ)∫B² dV
Inside empty spaces (μ=1)
We = (1/8π) ∫(He . Be) dV = (1/8π)∫(B . B) dV = (1/8π)∫B² dV
Then, for the same volume
Wm< We
In ferromagnetic materials μ>>1, but in ordinary transformers/inductors Ve<<Vm, so you must make the math to evaluate each particular case.
As rayma pointed out, vacuum is the closest thing to nothing, but virtual particles make the difference, they have a real existence for a short period of time.
Nothing is more a philosophical concept.
Very close to an electron there is a dense cloud of virtual photons which are constantly being emitted and re-absorbed by the electron. Some of these photons split into electron-positron pairs, which recombine into photons which are re-absorbed by the original electron.
The only reason ferromagnetic materials have μ>>1
is due to elimination of empty spaces and shortening
of the distributed gap. Still, only the remaining gap
(even within a solid) counts for purpose of storage...
Its all We, Wm merely mathematical convenience.
I'm pretty sure it works same for the dielectric case.
Yes, there is some energy stored in mechanical and
chemical deformations of orbitals, piezoelectric and
magnetostrictive effects. Features not significant in
materials engineered for low-loss. When energy is
not stored wholly in the gaps, that's usually more of
a problem than a feature.
is due to elimination of empty spaces and shortening
of the distributed gap. Still, only the remaining gap
(even within a solid) counts for purpose of storage...
Its all We, Wm merely mathematical convenience.
I'm pretty sure it works same for the dielectric case.
Yes, there is some energy stored in mechanical and
chemical deformations of orbitals, piezoelectric and
magnetostrictive effects. Features not significant in
materials engineered for low-loss. When energy is
not stored wholly in the gaps, that's usually more of
a problem than a feature.
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If only everything were that simple…
No, the reason that ferromagnetic materials have a large magnetic permeability is because they exhibit a long-range order phenomenon at the atomic level which causes the unpaired electron spins to line up parallel with each other in a region called magnetic domain.
Of course, any gapped core will have a smaller magnetic permeability, but this is a completely different story, it is a macroscopic classical effect, easily calculable.
Gedankenexperiment
Let's suppose now that we have a gapped core, it can be proved that the core will have an effective permeability given by
μeff = l μ / { l + lG [(μ / μG) – 1 ]} ≈ l μ / ( l + lG μ )
Where
μ = Magnetic permeability of the core [dimensionless]
l = Magnetic circuit length [cm]
lG = Gap length [cm]
Edcor M-6 lamination has μ=50000 @ B=10 KGauss, so for a conservative lG=l/500
μeff ≈ 500
We must remember that
Wm = (1/8πμ)∫B² dV
Now becomes into
Wm(Gapped) = (1/8πμeff)∫B² dV
Then, with a gap, the energy stored in the core is increased two orders of magnitude!
Indeed it is, it works almost the same for capacitor dielectrics.
The capacitance of a parallel plane plates capacitor is given by
C ≈ (ε AD) / (4πd)
Where
ε = Permittivity of the dielectric [dimensionless]
AD = Plate area [cm ²]
d = Distance between plates [cm]
The addition of gaps inside the dielectric has two immediate effects
i) Dielectric permittivity decreases, and then the capacitance, so the energy stored
W = (1/2) C V²
ii) Dielectric anisotropy increases, then dielectric hysteresis increases too, so does hysteresis losses.
As for inductors: You are doing the math right, but still
have yet to realize that 1/ueff is merely the gap length
distributed within the material + obvious external gap.
I'm in total agreement with you on the capacitor case.
Except you didn't offer a formula for eeff with added gap.
Else you would see the above realization repeated.
Peculiar to observe in real materials: That a wider gap
often allows more magnetic energy to be stored, and
narrower gap allows more electric energy to be stored.
But again, those upper limits are material.
Gap is gap is gap. There is no upper energy limit
(as long as its all magnetic, or all electric) to nothing.
Try to field both in the same space, you might find a
limit that persuades nothing into existence.
have yet to realize that 1/ueff is merely the gap length
distributed within the material + obvious external gap.
I'm in total agreement with you on the capacitor case.
Except you didn't offer a formula for eeff with added gap.
Else you would see the above realization repeated.
Peculiar to observe in real materials: That a wider gap
often allows more magnetic energy to be stored, and
narrower gap allows more electric energy to be stored.
But again, those upper limits are material.
Gap is gap is gap. There is no upper energy limit
(as long as its all magnetic, or all electric) to nothing.
Try to field both in the same space, you might find a
limit that persuades nothing into existence.
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