What is the Universe expanding into..

[Disco-Pete]

I like to think of time as the result of entropy, and distance as a manifestation of energy. When you move something from point A to point B, you accelerate it which simply means you are shifting its inertial frame. Once you remove the force (cease energy expenditure), it occupies a new inertial frame and therefore a new relative time wrt its original position. So a change in relative time has come about through energy expenditure which is directly linked back to increased entropy.

In my mind, the opposite seems closer to the truth. You don't have to keep accelerating to keep moving. Momentum is constant regardless of inertia.

 

[Disco-Pete]

some thoughts to think upon

from Albert Einstein:

“I didn't arrive at my understanding of the fundamental laws of the universe through my rational mind.”
“Concerning matter, we have been all wrong. What we have called matter is energy, whose vibration has been so lowered as to be perceptible to the senses. Matter is spirit reduced to point of visibility. There is no matter.”
"Time and space are not conditions in which we live, but modes by which we think.
Physical concepts are free creations of the human mind, and are not, however it may seem, determined by the external world."
“Time does not exist – we invented it. Time is what the clock says. The distinction between the past, present and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion.”
“I think 99 times and find nothing. I stop thinking, swim in silence, and the truth comes to me."
"The intellect has little to do on the road to discovery. There comes a leap in consciousness, call it intuition or what you will, the solution comes to you and you don’t know how or why.”
"A human being experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest, a kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty."
"Our separation from each other is an optical illusion."
“When something vibrates, the electrons of the entire universe resonate with it. Everything is connected. The greatest tragedy of human existence is the illusion of separateness.”
“Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one.”
“We are souls dressed up in sacred biochemical garments and our bodies are the instruments through which our souls play their music.”
“When you examine the lives of the most influential people who have ever walked among us, you discover one thread that winds through them all. They have been aligned first with their spiritual nature and only then with their physical selves.”
“The true value of a human being can be found in the degree to which he has attained liberation from the self.”
“The ancients knew something, which we seem to have forgotten.”
“The more I learn of physics, the more I am drawn to metaphysics.”
“One thing I have learned in a long life: that all our science, measured against reality, is primitive and childlike. We still do not know one thousandth of one percent of what nature has revealed to us. It is entirely possible that behind the perception of our senses, worlds are hidden of which we are unaware.”
“I’m not an atheist. The problem involved is too vast for our limited minds. We are in the position of a little child entering a huge library filled with books in many languages. The child knows someone must have written those books.”
"The common idea that I am an atheist is based on a big mistake. Anyone who interprets my scientific theories this way, did not understand them."
"Everything is determined, every beginning and ending, by forces over which we have no control. It is determined for the insect, as well as for the star. Human beings, vegetables, or cosmic dust, we all dance to a mysterious tune, intoned in the distance by an invisible piper."
and so--
0 What is all encompassing can have no opposite.
1 Before the beginning was a Cause and the entire purpose of the Cause was the creation of effect.
2 In the beginning and forever is the decision and the decision is TO BE.
3 The first action of beingness is to assume a viewpoint.
4 The second action of beingness is to extend from the viewpoint, points to view, which are dimension points.
5 Thus there is space created, for the definition of space is: viewpoint of dimension. And the purpose of a dimension point is space and a point of view.
6 The action of a dimension point is reaching and withdrawing.
7 And from the viewpoint to the dimension points there are connection and interchange. Thus new dimension points are made. Thus there is communication.
8 And thus there is light.
9 And thus there is energy.
10 And thus there is life.
11 But there are other viewpoints and these viewpoints outthrust points to view. And there comes about an interchange amongst viewpoints; but the interchange is never otherwise than in terms of exchanging dimension points.
12 The dimension point can be moved by the viewpoint, for the viewpoint, in addition to creative ability and consideration, possesses volition and potential independence of action; and the viewpoint, viewing dimension points, can change in relation to its own or other dimension points or viewpoints. Thus comes about all the fundamentals there are to motion.
13 The dimension points are each and every one, whether large or small, solid. And they are solid solely because the viewpoints say they are solid.
14 Many dimension points combine into larger gases, fluids or solids. Thus there is matter. But the most valued point is admiration, and admiration is so strong its absence alone permits persistence.
15 The dimension point can be different from other dimension points and thus can possess an individual quality. And many dimension points can possess a similar quality, and others can possess a similar quality unto themselves. Thus comes about the quality of classes of matter.
16 The viewpoint can combine dimension points into forms and the forms can be simple or complex and can be at different distances from the viewpoints and so there can be combinations of form. And the forms are capable of motion and the viewpoints are capable of motion and so there can be motion of forms.
17 And the opinion of the viewpoint regulates the consideration of the forms, their stillness or their motion, and these considerations consist of assignment of beauty or ugliness to the forms and these considerations alone are art.
18 It is the opinions of the viewpoints that some of these forms should endure. Thus there is survival.
19 And the viewpoint can never perish; but the form can perish.
20 And the many viewpoints, interacting, become dependent upon one another’s forms and do not choose to distinguish completely the ownership of dimension points and so comes about a dependency upon the dimension points and upon the other viewpoints.
21 From this comes a consistency of viewpoint of the interaction of dimension points and this, regulated, is time.
22 And there are universes.
23 The universes, then, are three in number: the universe created by one viewpoint, the universe created by every other viewpoint, the universe created by the mutual action of viewpoints which is agreed to be upheld – the physical universe.
24 And the viewpoints are never seen. And the viewpoints consider more and more that the dimension points are valuable. And the viewpoints try to become the anchor points and forget that they can create more points and space and forms. Thus comes about scarcity. And the dimension points can perish and so the viewpoints assume that they, too, can perish.
25 Thus comes about death.
26 The manifestations of pleasure and pain, of thought, emotion and effort, of thinking, of sensation, of affinity, reality, communication, of behavior and being are thus derived and the riddles of our universe are apparently contained and answered herein.
27 There is beingness, but man believes there is only becomingness.
28 The resolution of any problem posed here by is the establishment of view-points and dimension points, the betterment of condition and concourse amongst dimension points, and, thereby, viewpoints, and the remedy of abundance or scarcity in all things, pleasant or ugly, by the rehabilitation of the ability of the viewpoint to assume points of view and create and uncreate, neglect, start, change and stop dimension points of any kind at the determinism of the viewpoint. Certainty in all three universes must be regained, for certainty, not data, is knowledge.
29 In the opinion of the viewpoint, any beingness, any thing, is better than no thing, any effect is better than no effect, any universe better than no universe, any particle better than no particle, but the particle of admiration is best of all.
30 And above these things there might be speculation only. And below these things there is the playing of the game. But these things which are written here man can experience and know. And some may care to teach these things and some may care to use them to assist those in distress and some may desire to employ them to make individuals and organizations more able and so give to Earth a culture of which we can be proud.

-- Considerations take rank over the mechanics of space, energy, and time; By this it is meant that an idea or opinion is, fundamentally, superior to space, energy, and time, or organizations of form, since it is conceived that space, energy, and time are themselves broadly agreed-upon considerations. That so many minds agree brings about Reality in the form of space, energy and time. These mechanics, then, of space, energy, and time are the product of agreed-upon considerations mutually held by life.
The aspect of existence when viewed from the level of Man, however, is a reverse of the greater truth above, for Man works on the secondary opinion that mechanics are real, and that his own personal considerations are less important than space, energy, and time. This is an inversion. These mechanics of space, energy, and time, the forms, objects and combinations thereof, have taken such precedence in Man that they have become more important than considerations as such, and so his ability is overpowered and he is unable to act freely in the framework of mechanics. Man, therefore, has an inverted view.
Whereas, considerations such as those he daily makes are the actual source of space, energy, and time and forms, Man is operating so as not to alter his basic considerations; he therefore invalidates himself by supposing another determinism of space, energy, time, and form. Although he is part of that which created these, he gives them such strength and validity that his own considerations thereafter must fall subordinate to space, energy, time and form, and so he cannot alter the Universe in which he dwells.
The freedom of an individual depends upon that individual's freedom to alter his considerations of space, energy, time, and forms of life and his roles in it. If he cannot change his mind about these, he is then fixed and enslaved amidst barriers such as those of the physical universe, and barriers of his own creation. Man thus is seen to be enslaved by barriers of his own creation. He creates these barriers himself, or by agreeing with things which hold these barriers to be actual.

It's pretty astonishing he regards the unseen reality as superior to the physical realm. Amazing.

 

[system7]

Call me old Fashioned, but I think the Standard Model is Surviving the Test of Time:

I have finally finished Sean Carroll's excellent expose of the State of "10-D String Theory" versus the "4-D Standard Model".

What particularly interested me, was how, and this was in the Appendices for the brighter students, he noted how the 10 degrees of Freedom simplified to 4 degrees of freedom.

Does that remind anyone of the 10D dimensions of String Theory simplifying into the 4D dimensions of Einstein's Space-Time?

There is no reason whatsoever to think we need a Theory of Quantum Gravity. Space-Time is the canvas on which the 4 Fields are painted.

 

[Bonsai]

If time is something that follows from entropy (hypothesis), the big philosophical question then is what exactly is energy and why and how does it lead to increased entropy. With this view, time is the result of entropy, so is in fact a measure of entropy.

Wonderful stuff to ponder.

 

[Bonsai]

In my mind, the opposite seems closer to the truth. You don't have to keep accelerating to keep moving. Momentum is constant regardless of inertia.

That’s not quite what I said. To change your inertial frame, you have to accelerate. Acceleration is simply what an object feels while it’s inertial frame is being shifted wrt everything else(that’s the energy expenditure bit). When you subsequently remove the accelerating force, the object then resides in a new inertial frame. If it’s in a region of space unaffected by a gravity field, it will simply coast along at the velocity it had at the point the accelerating force was removed.

 

[Bonsai]

I'm not so sure that distance is a "manifestation of energy".

After a very brief period of acceleration, a huge distance can be covered at steady speed and with zero energy expenditure.

I witnessed this during the Winter Olympics when the GB Women's Curling Team won the Gold Medal! 😃

That’s not quite what I said Gaul. To clarify: You cannot create distance between two objects that initially had a constant distance between them without expending energy to accelerate one or both objects away from each other. Once you remove the accelerating force, the objects will occupy different inertial frames compared to those before the force was applied, and will coast along (see post above). So acceleration is what an object feels as its inertial frame is shifted. The inertial frame will not change while the object coasts along provided it subsequently experiences no other force.

 

[system7]

I am going to say something about my learned friend, Bonsai, that maybe few of you know. He is a designer of preamplifiers!

That is a tough discipline that I have myself attempted on occasion. For some basic lack of learning I was always useless on feedback and stability.

Best I could do was make my circuits highly symmetrical, which seemed a "Good Idea" to me.

I have been working through Sean Carroll's book about the Higgs Boson, or FIELD to be more precise. For weeks.

After 300 pages of close scrutiny it seemed like another dead end. But right at the end, I gained enlightenment from the Appendices.

Trust me on this, there are FOUR Higgs Bosons! But THREE of them are snaffled up by the Z(0) and W+ and W- Bosons!

Something to do with the Electro-Weak Field. Which breaks, like the Higgs Field, symmetry.

It's all falling into place now. I have even discovered the Hamiltonian of Energy lurking in number theory.

To address Bonsai, Entropy (Another weakness of mine) is Statistical Mechanics. Galu's Curling is Newtonian Mechanics.

Me, I am more Quantum Mechanics, in which SPIN is everything. A discipline that is very UNCERTAIN by Nature. It's like dancing on thin ice. You never know what will happen next!

 

[Galu]

...the objects will occupy different inertial frames compared to those before the force was applied...

We should define what is meant by an inertial reference frame.

In Newtonian mechanics, an inertial frame is one in which Newton's first law of motion - also known as the law of inertia - is valid.

Any frame that is moving at constant velocity relative to an inertial frame is also an inertial frame.

If, once the acceleration ceases, each of your objects continues to move at constant velocity then each will be in an inertial frame.

The thing I don't understand is in what way you consider their two inertial frames to be "different" according to the definition of inertial frame.

For future reference:

1. In special relativity, inertial (Lorentz) frames apply only to flat spacetime which is not curved by the presence of mass/energy.
2. In general relativity, gravity is equivalent to a non-inertial, uniformly accelerating frame.

We have to be careful when talking about frames of reference!

 

[Bonsai]

They change because they are different after a force has been applied. Inertial frames of reference are changing all the time.

 

[Galu]

Inertial frames of reference are changing all the time.

Any frame of reference in which Newton 1 is valid is an inertial frame.

In what way can an inertial frame change according to the above definition?

 

[system7]

Anyone interested in Inertial Frames can work on Newtonian Mechanics. It's all there.

I have been watching the Skies:

Applying the Science we get this:

I find this interesting. But surely "Orion" is a more interesting constellation?

Science is ultimately tested by what we actually see.

 

[Disco-Pete]

That’s not quite what I said. To change your inertial frame, you have to accelerate. Acceleration is simply what an object feels while it’s inertial frame is being shifted wrt everything else(that’s the energy expenditure bit). When you subsequently remove the accelerating force, the object then resides in a new inertial frame. If it’s in a region of space unaffected by a gravity field, it will simply coast along at the velocity it had at the point the accelerating force was removed.

How does momentum enter this equation?
I'm hung up on additional energy requirement when mass does not change. For example a figure skater accelerating their spin by pulling their arms close to their body. Their over all mass remains the same.

 

[Galu]

Anyone interested in Inertial Frames can work on Newtonian Mechanics. It's all there.

It's not all there.

Frames of reference become much more interesting in Einsteinian mechanics.

 

[system7]

SPIN is always conserved. A Fermion (Like an Electron) always has SPIN HALF. Just it can point indifferent directions.

A Photon (Like Light) has SPIN 1.

Best I can explain it. Not many people know this, but a basic photon has more of a corkscrew motion than anything.

 

[Galu]

I'm hung up on additional energy requirement when mass does not change. For example a figure skater accelerating their spin by pulling their arms close to their body. Their over all mass remains the same.

The work done by the skater in pulling in her arms results in an increase in rotational kinetic energy.

 

[system7]

We are cutting to the Core here. The Ice-Dancer is NOT changing her SPIN. She is exchanging Potential Energy for Kinetic Energy.

Lagrangian Mechanics. Time evolution. L= T-V to be precise.

The Hamiltonian is H= T+V.

 

[Galu]

Depends what you mean by "potential energy".

I would say that the skater is transferring chemical energy (from her food) into rotational kinetic energy.

Some relevant physics:

(a) Work is done by a force when it moves an object some distance in the direction of the force. (W = F.d and J = N.m)
(b) When work is done, energy is transferred.

Examples:

• Work done against friction become heat energy.
• Work done against gravity becomes potential energy.
• Work done against inertia becomes kinetic energy.

 

[system7]

No, my friend, believe me. Katerina Witt is working with a conservative or frictionless Field here:

A Natural talent. My only moment of distaste was when her Coach touched her Nose. A sure indicator of Lying.

You might have to work Hard to see this. How the current World is.

 

[Disco-Pete]

SPIN is always conserved. A Fermion (Like an Electron) always has SPIN HALF. Just it can point indifferent directions.

A Photon (Like Light) has SPIN 1.

Best I can explain it. Not many people know this, but a basic photon has more of a corkscrew motion than anything.

Talk about MOMENTUM!

 

[Galu]

Lagrangian Mechanics. Time evolution. L= T-V to be precise.

The Hamiltonian is H= T+V.

Best to stick with the Hamiltonian (H) which is the sum of the kinetic (T) and potential (V) energies of an object i.e. the total energy.

For example, during the trajectory of a ball through the air, the Hamiltonian will stay constant.

The Langrangian is not the total energy of an object, but rather the state of motion at any particular point in time, which is described by the kinetic and potential energies.

My previous research has not been wasted! 😎