How effective adding an angle to the side at strengthening an enclosure

A rectangular cabinet is strongest at the corners. The sides act as a brace. To some extent adding an angle/side to the enclosure should have the same effect.

Does anyone know of a calculator for this type of thing?

how much would this make the side panels stronger/stiffer?

Correct, same as a board stiffener attached on edge at that point and if there's an on-line calculator, have yet to find one or even the math I had access to during my 27+ yrs experience designing myriad types of metal, composite enclosures, shipping containers/pallets for electrical power/control distribution components, systems to guide me, so only know it will be stiffer overall unless the panels have a very high MOE spec.

in that configuration wouldn’t 45’ be the strongest option?

Correct.