There is no extra charge in a conductor conducting current, did you even read it? There is one free electron per copper atom, applied potential causes a current density J at each end and a drift velocity of electrons determined by that and the total free charge. What about the electron speeds are small don't you understand. There is no charge storage in a conductor the number of charges is independent of current.
"For ordinary currents, this drift velocity is on the order of millimeters per second in contrast to the speeds of the electrons themselves which are on the order of a million meters per second. Even the electron speeds are themselves small compared to the speed of transmission of an electrical signal down a wire, which is on the order of the speed of light, 300 million meters per second."
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Ok. Let's try this example. If I have a pipe 3" inside diameter filled with 1/4" ball bearings and I push in 50 more then 50 come out the other end. They are not the same ball bearings and they come out almost as soon as I push in the new ones. When I push them in they exert a force on the bearings in the tube, the tube walls and each other. If I look at the force propagating in the tube I will see a nice wave.
Now do I get the same behavior if I push in a single bearing? Most likely
Now if I put a rock in the middle of the tube will this affect the 50 bearings at a time. Probably not. The compressive force in the tube will be greater in the bearings near the rock. But 50 in 50 out. As long as the force interaction stays in the linear range the time will stay the same.
Now if I do one bearing will it be the same. Probably as the force will still be uniform in most of the tube length and increase uniformly around the rock.
Now if I push one charge into my conductor does the force spread uniformly?
Now do I get the same behavior if I push in a single bearing? Most likely
Now if I put a rock in the middle of the tube will this affect the 50 bearings at a time. Probably not. The compressive force in the tube will be greater in the bearings near the rock. But 50 in 50 out. As long as the force interaction stays in the linear range the time will stay the same.
Now if I do one bearing will it be the same. Probably as the force will still be uniform in most of the tube length and increase uniformly around the rock.
Now if I push one charge into my conductor does the force spread uniformly?
Free electrons in a conductor can not be treated as particles only so these examples fall apart. Anyway conservation of charge, what goes in comes out.
As I said the number of copper atoms in your wire determines the number of conduction electrons and this number is independent of current, so get back to the original question.
Right there is where you go wrong. These are fermions, indistinguishable.
Valence is irrelevant. It matters when you're reacting a metal, but in the metal crystal form, you care about density of states.
Calcium is actually a pretty good conductor, about 50% of silver, twice that of nickel, and about triple that of iron.
edit: Here is a simple explanation of conductivity in metals: http://ssmchem.uoregon.edu/rockcamp11/bandtheory_Page.pdf
Calcium is actually a pretty good conductor, about 50% of silver, twice that of nickel, and about triple that of iron.
edit: Here is a simple explanation of conductivity in metals: http://ssmchem.uoregon.edu/rockcamp11/bandtheory_Page.pdf
Shielded twist pair with shield connected at one end only and the whole thing absurdly used for non-balanced signal transmission. Audiophile and marketing hoax of the worst kind. Yes, it is "directive" in terms of RFI capture. Bad or worse, depending at which end the shielding is connected.
SY’s intention is to reintroduce the term ‘HOMO’
George
>PS Is the symbol of DC bias source wrongly reversed at page 21?
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