Hello!
I've had such a converter in mind for a while, but I've had problems with the stability. Now it looks better, and the converter starts taking final shape.
The specifications:
-Input voltage : 12 V - 14 V (car battery)
-Output voltage : 25 V (maximum)
-Output current : 10 A (maximum)
-Output power : 250 W (maximum)
-Average input current @ Pmax : ~22 A
I built previously the 95-W laptop boost converter shown in Elektor magazine, but I wanted more available power. Why? Well, take a look at the new laptops - more and more power will be demanded. So this converter could be used to feed a laptop from a 12-V car battery. Or, as might be in my case, from a 12-V solar battery bank.
I dare not say this converter is completed, but more closer to it. At this point I would like to have some comments on this design. Maybe there is something crucial I've missed.
I tried to take many aspects into account, for example by implementing current-mode control with slope compensation. How do you feel about this?
I've had such a converter in mind for a while, but I've had problems with the stability. Now it looks better, and the converter starts taking final shape.
The specifications:
-Input voltage : 12 V - 14 V (car battery)
-Output voltage : 25 V (maximum)
-Output current : 10 A (maximum)
-Output power : 250 W (maximum)
-Average input current @ Pmax : ~22 A
I built previously the 95-W laptop boost converter shown in Elektor magazine, but I wanted more available power. Why? Well, take a look at the new laptops - more and more power will be demanded. So this converter could be used to feed a laptop from a 12-V car battery. Or, as might be in my case, from a 12-V solar battery bank.
I dare not say this converter is completed, but more closer to it. At this point I would like to have some comments on this design. Maybe there is something crucial I've missed.
I tried to take many aspects into account, for example by implementing current-mode control with slope compensation. How do you feel about this?
Thanks Luka, that pdf file doesn't show the RCD turn-off snubber which I'm currently adding. LTSpice revealed that the MOSFET switching losses make more than 20 W total when averaged over one switching period! Turn-off losses make the most, approx. 16 W. I got these values with the maximum output power.
If I roughly calculate the efficiency at various output power levels, I get something like ~82 % @ 250 W, rising up to ~92 % @ 5 W. That isn't too good, I'm trying to find ways to improve it at high power levels. One trick is reducing the switching losses, then the diode losses etc.
The reason for 2 switches is to reduce the on-state losses - for the same reason I'm using 2 diodes in parallel. I intend to buy some really over-rated parts from eBay to make the losses as small as possible. The goal is to have ~10 mOhm on-state FETs and 0.4 V forward voltage diodes @ Imax.
Lot of work to be done!
If I roughly calculate the efficiency at various output power levels, I get something like ~82 % @ 250 W, rising up to ~92 % @ 5 W. That isn't too good, I'm trying to find ways to improve it at high power levels. One trick is reducing the switching losses, then the diode losses etc.
The reason for 2 switches is to reduce the on-state losses - for the same reason I'm using 2 diodes in parallel. I intend to buy some really over-rated parts from eBay to make the losses as small as possible. The goal is to have ~10 mOhm on-state FETs and 0.4 V forward voltage diodes @ Imax.
Lot of work to be done!
How about a synchronous design? That would lower the losses over your diodes by replacing them with a MOSFet. Or possibly using a loss less current sensing design? Use the MOSFet's Rds(on) as the sense element?
I don't know a hole lot about boost converters but those should lower the losses you are getting.
I don't know a hole lot about boost converters but those should lower the losses you are getting.
That's correct! I've been thinking about that as well, but it would need a special circuit to drive all the FETs correctly. I happen to have almost all necessary components for a basic boost converter - that's why I'm designing this kind of converter.
I might consider using synchronous converter if I find a suitable controller for it. Thanks for comment!
I might consider using synchronous converter if I find a suitable controller for it. Thanks for comment!
If you want to greatly increase your efficiency, you will need to change the architecture. You could go with a synchronous controller replacing the output diodes with FETs. I would also replace your bipolar transistor FET driver with a high speed off the shelf FET driver.
I would also look at paralleling up some higher speed caps on the input and make sure your cap layout is more "star" like to ensure you are pulling equally from each cap.
What is the switching frequency? I would assume you have minimized the resistance of your inductors? You may even want to consider winding your own to get lowest DC resistance.
If you are running this plugged into a car that is on, I would suggest putting some protection against load dump on the input, some good MOVs/zener clamp.
Alvaius
I would also look at paralleling up some higher speed caps on the input and make sure your cap layout is more "star" like to ensure you are pulling equally from each cap.
What is the switching frequency? I would assume you have minimized the resistance of your inductors? You may even want to consider winding your own to get lowest DC resistance.
If you are running this plugged into a car that is on, I would suggest putting some protection against load dump on the input, some good MOVs/zener clamp.
Alvaius
megajocke said:Have a look at the ripple current through C11...
Yes, that's quite large. I intend to place several smaller (~100 uF) caps in parallel.
alvaius said:
I hoped I could manage with this topology, but it seems I have to consider others as well. I remember IR had some driver circuits, I'll check them. And Linear has this LT1339 which may be exactly what I'm looking for.
Switching frequency will be something like 50-70 kHz. At first I thought about 100 kHz or a bit more, but then the switching losses will be too high. Yes, I have several salvaged inductors suitable for this converter. The resistances are about 80 mohms, so they are not a major source of power loss.
Good point, will add that.
Correct. My DMM doesn't show resistances below 0.5 ohm correctly, so that 80 mohm was just a guess. Then again, this inductor has only a few turns, and as it has dozens of hair-thin wires wound in parallel, the total resistance must be low. I have to measure it with proper equipment.
Using 50 mohm yields about 20 W copper loss within the boost inductor @ Pmax. That is indeed way too much, and it seems to be the major source of dissipated power. Fine, still more simulation to be done
Using 50 mohm yields about 20 W copper loss within the boost inductor @ Pmax. That is indeed way too much, and it seems to be the major source of dissipated power. Fine, still more simulation to be done
Recent measurements revealed:
Main inductor = 95 uH, 8 mOhm
Power loss @ Pmax = 3 W
Output inductor approx. 5 uH, 7 mOhm.
Power loss @ Pmax = 0.8 W
These look very promising, the converter efficiency will now become up to 93 % @ Pmax! Obviously, the efficiency will increase a bit as the output current decreases -> at this point I don't see any need for synchronous topology.
Main inductor = 95 uH, 8 mOhm
Power loss @ Pmax = 3 W
Output inductor approx. 5 uH, 7 mOhm.
Power loss @ Pmax = 0.8 W
These look very promising, the converter efficiency will now become up to 93 % @ Pmax! Obviously, the efficiency will increase a bit as the output current decreases -> at this point I don't see any need for synchronous topology.
luka said:
You are too anxious
. Maybe in the following weeks, I'm pretty busy right now. Actually, I start my master of science thesis in two weeks, the subject will be a 500 W 1.3 kV to 48 V converter. Rest assured, I'm not designing it by myself, there are many senior designers helping me switchmodepower said:You may want to add an OV circuit or limit duty cycle somehow just in case something happens to the FB. If you loose it you can see over 150V blowing other parts downstream.
I have been considering a kind of SCR or thyristor based overvoltage switch, that pulls the output low very briefly as the sensing element (zener) triggers. Such an implementation can be seen in the attachment. The thing is, what will the controller do when the output voltage suddenly drops to very low value? The answer: it will increase duty cycle which leads to rising output voltage -> here we have a constantly changing output voltage!!
Am I right?
switchmodepower said:
Sorry I forgot to reply to these also. I have these two snubber circuits planned (they might be left out of the final converter, but I will spare space for them on the PCB). Check the attachment, although it has some elements I have already changed, it shows the general idea of these snubbers. Like I said, they may not be needed at all or the values might still need fixing.
star882 said:
That was the other option. But I wouldn't like to mess with the transformer since my experience with them is rather limited. Besides, push-pull would require an advanced controller and it might even take more space than this boost. Still, I'm interested in designing a 12 V to 230 V inverter some day and that will be push-pull. Thanks for the comment anyway!
You probably won't need that kind of snubber. It is mostly used for catching leakage inductance spikes or shaping the load line which might be important for bipolar transistors. You might probably need though:
* A diode from input to output so that the inductor won't saturate during startup/overload.
* A RC snubber in parallell with the output rectifier.
* A diode from input to output so that the inductor won't saturate during startup/overload.
* A RC snubber in parallell with the output rectifier.
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