Hi everyone, sorry if this is te wrong section, couldnt quite work out where it belonged. Feel free to move it if a mod spots it and it belongs elsewhere..anyway..
Im creating a pitch/ cv converter for a university project. Ideally so i can plug a guitar into an analogue synth as the input signal. I know there is a similiar (well identical thread) from 2006 but wanted to start a fresh one as im sure there are new members with knowledge on the subject, well hopefully anyway!
From my current understanding ( mainly gathered from http://www.soundonsound.c...es/synthsec.htm and bits and pieces during my studying) this is how its done...in theory at least.
My electronics knowledge is not amazing, I study a degree in audio and music technology but will be beefing up my knowledge in the next few months as the project develops.
Essentially I would like to know who has any expereance doing such a project or can point me in the right directions or any general advice would be useful
Many Thanks,
Tj.
Im creating a pitch/ cv converter for a university project. Ideally so i can plug a guitar into an analogue synth as the input signal. I know there is a similiar (well identical thread) from 2006 but wanted to start a fresh one as im sure there are new members with knowledge on the subject, well hopefully anyway!
From my current understanding ( mainly gathered from http://www.soundonsound.c...es/synthsec.htm and bits and pieces during my studying) this is how its done...in theory at least.
My electronics knowledge is not amazing, I study a degree in audio and music technology but will be beefing up my knowledge in the next few months as the project develops.
Essentially I would like to know who has any expereance doing such a project or can point me in the right directions or any general advice would be useful
Many Thanks,
Tj.
Not CV, but there is a project for a guitar-to-midi converter in Everyday Practical Electronics magazine. And there's also a very low-cost one from Sonuus.
Not sure which part you want to study, the actual electronics building, designing theoretical conversion, writing software, but you might want to choose a starting platform to narrow the scope a bit. (also not sure how much time you want to put into this).
Not sure which part you want to study, the actual electronics building, designing theoretical conversion, writing software, but you might want to choose a starting platform to narrow the scope a bit. (also not sure how much time you want to put into this).
Hi Jarno, I need to make it so that it is a frequency to cv converter as this is what i've specified im doing now so won't be using midi.
I intend to put a large amount of time into this as its outcome is essentially going to determine whether I acheive my intended grade or not.
I need to put together the circuit andunderstand how and why it works.
I have seen that there is a few microchips which could do freq - cv conversion such as the LM2917 and theres a few others.
LM2917 - Frequency to Voltage Converter
I also found this resource
http://www.national.com/an/AN/AN-C.pdf
Do you have much knowledge within this area or general electronics yourself?
Thanks for the reply aswel, any help is greatly appreciated!
Feel like I am letting myself in for a bit of a learning curve here!
Tj
I intend to put a large amount of time into this as its outcome is essentially going to determine whether I acheive my intended grade or not.
I need to put together the circuit andunderstand how and why it works.
I have seen that there is a few microchips which could do freq - cv conversion such as the LM2917 and theres a few others.
LM2917 - Frequency to Voltage Converter
I also found this resource
http://www.national.com/an/AN/AN-C.pdf
Do you have much knowledge within this area or general electronics yourself?
Thanks for the reply aswel, any help is greatly appreciated!
Feel like I am letting myself in for a bit of a learning curve here!
Tj
You may not intend to use MIDI, but if there are existing circuits for pitch to MIDI, and there are circuits for MIDI to CV, then that might suggest a path to success?
And may I suggest, if you are searching with google or similar, search for plain old frequency to voltage conversion, not CV or control voltage. frequency to voltage conversion is a common circuit type. CV in this context is very esoteric - the synth pitch control, and that will seriously limit the hits you get.. Once you have a working freq to voltage conversion going on, it should be simple enough to scale it to 1v per octave or whatever else you might want.
Googled for frequency voltage converter and got a lot, at least three different chip makers offer somethihng on the first page of results.
And go over to some of the old analog synth forums or newsgroups and ask about it. I doubt you are the first person to do something like this.
And may I suggest, if you are searching with google or similar, search for plain old frequency to voltage conversion, not CV or control voltage. frequency to voltage conversion is a common circuit type. CV in this context is very esoteric - the synth pitch control, and that will seriously limit the hits you get.. Once you have a working freq to voltage conversion going on, it should be simple enough to scale it to 1v per octave or whatever else you might want.
Googled for frequency voltage converter and got a lot, at least three different chip makers offer somethihng on the first page of results.
And go over to some of the old analog synth forums or newsgroups and ask about it. I doubt you are the first person to do something like this.
hi!
have you tried looking at how roland & korg and other manus did it back in the day? the ms20 had a relatively reliable pitch to cv circuit but they did use hz/volt scaling. the roland gr500 and other guitar synths used pitch-cv too i think. you probably want 1v/octave scaling for this project to make it universally usable or is that not important?
heres the ms20 circuit maybe that helps?
have you tried looking at how roland & korg and other manus did it back in the day? the ms20 had a relatively reliable pitch to cv circuit but they did use hz/volt scaling. the roland gr500 and other guitar synths used pitch-cv too i think. you probably want 1v/octave scaling for this project to make it universally usable or is that not important?
heres the ms20 circuit maybe that helps?
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Hi, thanks again for your replies.
Enzo, the freq - midi .. midi / cv is something I had a thought about, I'm going to see if i can avoid that route for now but at least i know i have that there as a backup and might be worth a bit of research for my write up anyway. I have been searching for as many different terms as I can think of which like you said bring up a fair few hits to microchips which operate as tachmeters ( essentaily something that converts freq into V; if im not mistaken? ) obviously there are potential problems like the squarewaves we mentioned ealier.
I think your right that I should aim first for a device which simply converts frequency into voltage, then work on the scaling after.
Neonleg, hello! Thanks for getting involved. I have stumbled accross a few synths that did such things back in the day although I dont think they were the ones you mentioned so thanks for that. Going to be spending a fair few hours checking this stuff out tomorow. I was intending to go for the 1v/octave scaling so that it can be used universially yes. As far
Enzo, the freq - midi .. midi / cv is something I had a thought about, I'm going to see if i can avoid that route for now but at least i know i have that there as a backup and might be worth a bit of research for my write up anyway. I have been searching for as many different terms as I can think of which like you said bring up a fair few hits to microchips which operate as tachmeters ( essentaily something that converts freq into V; if im not mistaken? ) obviously there are potential problems like the squarewaves we mentioned ealier.
I think your right that I should aim first for a device which simply converts frequency into voltage, then work on the scaling after.
Neonleg, hello! Thanks for getting involved. I have stumbled accross a few synths that did such things back in the day although I dont think they were the ones you mentioned so thanks for that. Going to be spending a fair few hours checking this stuff out tomorow. I was intending to go for the 1v/octave scaling so that it can be used universially yes. As far
These people make one:Analogue Systems
It's the RS35 but how to actually build one I do not know.
May be if you ask them nicely and explain your situation they might be willing to help.
You will need an envelope follower as well though to make full use of its functionality.
It is included in their module. Doepfer have one in the planning stages.
It's the RS35 but how to actually build one I do not know.
May be if you ask them nicely and explain your situation they might be willing to help.
You will need an envelope follower as well though to make full use of its functionality.
It is included in their module. Doepfer have one in the planning stages.
hi yeah there are a few vintage units that use this to varied degrees of success. i have at hand an arp avatar which derived a CV from a six string guitar by means of 6 individual frequency pickups. the ms20 of course which is monophonic too but uses a single input. the most interesting unit is the EML poly box which uses a phase locked loop circuit to act as a synthesizer "expander"
check it out Phase-locked loop - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
could be a good starting point..
check it out Phase-locked loop - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
could be a good starting point..
Been busy reseaching and planning what to do. The Phase-locked loop idea is an interestingone, something also mentioned to me by my lecturer. Although right now something that is still beyond my knowledge
I am currently waiting for components to arrive, I plan on initially using a square-wave with a set frequency with a LM331 chip.
I will then test with other frequencies and make sure Im getting a linear output. Im expecting this to go okay and give results as expected.
Something my attention is turning to now (hoping the above goes without glitch of course) is how to extract the fundamental freq from the input.
I intend on using a comparator circuit to change the audio input into a square (please point out if you see any complications I might get here) I was thinking of using a 741 ic unless anyone can tell me why not to / a better suggestion?
What I want is the fundamental freq reaching the f/cv part of the circuit, rather than a mess of harmonics etc ( i think anyway!)
Any further suggestions / ideas alwas welcome!
I am currently waiting for components to arrive, I plan on initially using a square-wave with a set frequency with a LM331 chip.
I will then test with other frequencies and make sure Im getting a linear output. Im expecting this to go okay and give results as expected.
Something my attention is turning to now (hoping the above goes without glitch of course) is how to extract the fundamental freq from the input.
I intend on using a comparator circuit to change the audio input into a square (please point out if you see any complications I might get here) I was thinking of using a 741 ic unless anyone can tell me why not to / a better suggestion?
What I want is the fundamental freq reaching the f/cv part of the circuit, rather than a mess of harmonics etc ( i think anyway!)
Any further suggestions / ideas alwas welcome!
Hi,
I hope my answer does not come too late. I have created some guitar synthesizers myself, using phase locked loop AND ramp-sample/hold, and have some schematics... somewhere. I have researched this a lot years ago, the schematics of the Roland GR-300, the Electro Harmonix Rackmount Guitar Synthesizer, the Moog patents, the frequency-to-voltage converters, etc.
Believe it or not, there is little information about this on the internet, since today everybody does the digital way.
Brace yourself, everything you needed to know about analog guitar synths and were afraid to ask!!
I'm assuming you are using a normal pickup, not a divided (hexaphonic) pickup. The building blocks are as follows:
GUITAR IN ---> COMPRESSION --> FUNDAMENTAL DETECTION ---> PERIOD/ZERO CROSSING DETECTION ---> PERIOD TO VOLTAGE ---> VOLTAGE processing
1. Compression: You need to "level out" the amplitude of the waveform so it's constant. This is easy.
2. Fundamental detection: You want to remove the harmonics and stay with the fundamental of the guitar. For this the mediocre way is a simple low pass filter. The good way is to use an adaptive filter that "locks" to the guitar note. I will find some schematics, they come from this guitar synth:
"Electro Harmonix Guitar Synth"
hammer.ampage.org
Download the schematics, lots to learn. BTW, the component values for the adaptive filter are wrong, and the pinout of the opamps in that section are wrong, that's why i need to find my notes. Also, this is a guitar synth that uses a PLL, that is its achiles heel.
3. Zero crossing detection: You want to find out when the sinewave crosses zero, or in other words, detect where a cycle begins and end. This is as simple as doing zero crossing detection, since you already have the fundamental filtered after step 2.
Observation: Step (2) introduces a time lag, some Moog patents exist for a period detector that does not require filtering out the fundamentals, with a corresponding speed increase. However, the time lag in (2) was of no consequence in my opinion.
The output of this step is a pulse whenever a cycle start.
4. Period to voltage... You can do it:
a. The bad way: Using a tachometer circuit (that is: use the pulses of step 3 to trigger a fixed-duration pulse, and add a low pass filter at the output), this will give you a voltage linearly proportional to frequency. THIS IS A BAD APPROACH, IS TOO SLOW. Sadly, almost all the "do it yourself guitar synth" circuits uses this approach.
b. The mediocre way: Use a PLL to "lock" to the frequency of the pulses, this will give you a voltage proportional to frequency. I'm not an expert in PLL, but the Electro Harmonix uses this scheme. The problem is the PLL filter used there: If you want fast detection, then the PLL should be quick acting, which in the case of this particular synthesizer, gave trembling pitch; if you smooth out the PLL filter you have steady, in-tune pitch but slow detection. The EH Guitar Synth uses a switch that puts the PLL filter in "fast mode" when the guitar string is plucked and then after about 20ms, it puts it in "slow mode" so the pitch stays steady...
... the problem is that this requires reliably detecting the start and stop of the notes and this is a problem onto itself.
Anyways, this gives you a voltage linearly dependent to the FREQUENCY of the fundamental.
c. The best way: Using a ramp-sample/hold circuit. You need a constant current source, and with this current source you charge a capacitor (the voltage ramps up linearly on the capacitor). With each pulse from step (3), you "reset" (discharge) the capacitor so it starts charging again, with the next pulse, you sample the voltage value (using a simple sample-hold), and this is a voltage linear to the PERIOD of the fundamental.
d. (The modern way --- count the period digitally and do the rest in the digital domain, midi, etc.) BORING...
5. Voltage processing:
If you have a voltage depending on the period, you have to convert it into a voltage depending of the frequency. For this you need an inverter (that is, a circuit that does the 1/x function). Such a circuit is not so easy to do since it needs temperature compensation or else the pitch will drift.
Anyway you finally get a voltage LINEARLY depending on the frequency. To drive normal analog synths you need to output a signal that is 1V per octave. Which means that it is not linearly dependent on the frequency...
So you need a log converter, who does the Log(x) function. This also needs temperature compensation.
The alternative is to create the syntesizer part yourself and use VCOs that take a linear voltage. This is what is done on the EH Guitar Synth.
The other alternative, if you use approach (4c) is to have sawtooth VCOs done using ramp-sample/hold circuits, and use the voltage obtained in (4c) as the "top limit" of the ramp, then change the slope of the ramp [and thus the frequency of the output waveform] by changing the charging current of the capacitor. With this, you can have many VCOs that can be tuned as you like [x octaves up, down, etc], and track perfectly and musically to your guitar. This is exactly what it's done in the Roland GR-300 (google it.)
The only problem is that the volume of your waveform VCOs will vary with frequency!! So you need to compress the output. This was done on the GR-300 using simple diodes as limiter.
A further problem if you go this route is that your opamps have to be perfectly linear over a wide scale of voltage to cover all the fretboard, otherwise the output will be out of tune at the highest part of the fretboard (high pitch = low period = low control voltage). For the GR300 this is not a problem since it treats each string independently (using a hexaphonic pickup), so the range that needs to be tracked is small.
VOILA!! Have fun.
Now, my above response assumed you only had 1 normal guitar pickup and want the synth to be monophonic.
If you want to go polyphonic, you need an hexaphonic pickup. The advantages are:
1. Polyphony!!
2. Fundamental detection is easier since the range of frequencies that you are working with is narrower, even a simple low-pass-filter can be acceptable.
BTW when you pick up a guitar string you first get a strong fundamental and then the 2nd harmonic starts to appear. The GR-300 takes advantage of this using an "adjustable" low pass filter that, once the fundamental is locked, "adjusts" the LPF's cutoff so no subsequent harmonic distracts the converter. Basically the LPF in the GR-300 only has two cutoff frequency: low and high. "Low" filters out the upper half of the fretboard for the string.
3. Adjacent strings that are accidentaly plucked pose no problem.
4. Less voltage precision needed in your circuits since the frequency range for each string is narrow.
Drawbacks:
1. You need to have SIX of everything.
2. ... So you have to simplify everything, also the audio part of your synthesizer would have to be either (a) very simple, or (b) huge.
If you want to go polyphonic, you need an hexaphonic pickup. The advantages are:
1. Polyphony!!
2. Fundamental detection is easier since the range of frequencies that you are working with is narrower, even a simple low-pass-filter can be acceptable.
BTW when you pick up a guitar string you first get a strong fundamental and then the 2nd harmonic starts to appear. The GR-300 takes advantage of this using an "adjustable" low pass filter that, once the fundamental is locked, "adjusts" the LPF's cutoff so no subsequent harmonic distracts the converter. Basically the LPF in the GR-300 only has two cutoff frequency: low and high. "Low" filters out the upper half of the fretboard for the string.
3. Adjacent strings that are accidentaly plucked pose no problem.
4. Less voltage precision needed in your circuits since the frequency range for each string is narrow.
Drawbacks:
1. You need to have SIX of everything.
2. ... So you have to simplify everything, also the audio part of your synthesizer would have to be either (a) very simple, or (b) huge.
Ok, so let's continue with "everything you wanted to know about guitar synths but were afraid to ask"...
Some classic analog guitar synths examined:
ARP Avatar: This one was a flop because it supposedly tracked terribly bad. It used a hexaphonic pickup, a "selector" that detects which string is the one you are plucking, and selects the audio of said string. Then a "digital" frequency counter that finds out the frequency.
You don't want to check out the schematics.
Sound Samples: Don't bother searching for them.
Roland GR-500: I think i had the schematics but couldn't understand how the pitch to voltage was performed. It also uses a string selector (the proper synth part is monophonic). This is IMHO the most cool of the guitar synths.
Sound Samples: There is a cool japanese guitar player, Ryu [insert last name], that has some youtube videos using the GR500. It sounds interesting. Jeff Beck also used it, but haven't heard recordings of him with the GR500. Sadly, because he's my favorite guitar player.
Roland GR-300 came later than the GR-500 and it's fully polyphonic. This is used by Pat Metheny with great success. It uses a hexaphonic pickup, and a ramp-sample/hold converter that drives sawtooth VCOs using directly the linear, period-proportional voltage from the converter. It tracks quickly and wonderfully. It is a benchmark in this regard.
Sound Samples: Guitar god Pat Metheny has used it extensively. Listen to "Song For Bilbao", "Language of Time", "Are you coming with me?", "Third wind", etc.
Roland GR-700 came later than the GR-300 and as far as i know uses a digital frequency counter. For some reason, probably because the processing needed to filter out the fundamental and count the period reliably, it suffers from a bit of lag. The good part is that the synth part of this machine is KILLER, with excellent sounds. To get a stronger fundamental frequency from the strings, it required an odd-looking special guitar with had a stabilization bar (google it).
Sound Samples: On youtube.
Electro Harmonix Rackmount Guitar Synthesizer is monophonic and it's peculiarlity is that it uses the normal output of the normal, common electric guitar. Uses a PLL, as described above. It allows you (and frankly requires to) mix a bit of guitar-distorsion-sound from your guitar with the synthesizer sound, because the synth part is a bit slow (the PLL is a bit slow). The good thing is that the synth (a) does not require clean plucking technique (= tracks well), and (b) does not require a special pickup. The drawbacks have already been discussed.
Sound Samples: The middle solo in the song "Wildest dreams" by the great guitarist Steve Howe on the awful group "ASIA".
BTW do not confuse this synth with the "electro harmonix micr0 gu!t@r synth" which is nothing else than a standard fuzz box with a killer-sounding 4-pole VCF, a crude octave-down (using flipflops), and a crude octave up (using diodes). I've built one too. It's fun but too limited.
/ 360 Systems Polyphonic Guitar Syntesizer: This was the earliest (1976?) polyphonic guitar synth. Uses an hexaphonic pickup, and AFAIK uses the ramp-sample/hold method. It was HUGE and really cool.
Sound Samples: "Captain Fingers" by Lee Ritenour. Also there is a group called "Symphonic Slam" with Timo Lain, who supposedly was the first guitarist to use this mammoth synth. The record is in the public domain, download it! It has a lot of guitar synth on it. VERY COOL!
360 Systems Slavedriver : Mono pitch-to-cv using the same principle, requiring an hexaphonic pickup.
Some classic analog guitar synths examined:
ARP Avatar: This one was a flop because it supposedly tracked terribly bad. It used a hexaphonic pickup, a "selector" that detects which string is the one you are plucking, and selects the audio of said string. Then a "digital" frequency counter that finds out the frequency.
You don't want to check out the schematics.
Sound Samples: Don't bother searching for them.
Roland GR-500: I think i had the schematics but couldn't understand how the pitch to voltage was performed. It also uses a string selector (the proper synth part is monophonic). This is IMHO the most cool of the guitar synths.
Sound Samples: There is a cool japanese guitar player, Ryu [insert last name], that has some youtube videos using the GR500. It sounds interesting. Jeff Beck also used it, but haven't heard recordings of him with the GR500. Sadly, because he's my favorite guitar player.
Roland GR-300 came later than the GR-500 and it's fully polyphonic. This is used by Pat Metheny with great success. It uses a hexaphonic pickup, and a ramp-sample/hold converter that drives sawtooth VCOs using directly the linear, period-proportional voltage from the converter. It tracks quickly and wonderfully. It is a benchmark in this regard.
Sound Samples: Guitar god Pat Metheny has used it extensively. Listen to "Song For Bilbao", "Language of Time", "Are you coming with me?", "Third wind", etc.
Roland GR-700 came later than the GR-300 and as far as i know uses a digital frequency counter. For some reason, probably because the processing needed to filter out the fundamental and count the period reliably, it suffers from a bit of lag. The good part is that the synth part of this machine is KILLER, with excellent sounds. To get a stronger fundamental frequency from the strings, it required an odd-looking special guitar with had a stabilization bar (google it).
Sound Samples: On youtube.
Electro Harmonix Rackmount Guitar Synthesizer is monophonic and it's peculiarlity is that it uses the normal output of the normal, common electric guitar. Uses a PLL, as described above. It allows you (and frankly requires to) mix a bit of guitar-distorsion-sound from your guitar with the synthesizer sound, because the synth part is a bit slow (the PLL is a bit slow). The good thing is that the synth (a) does not require clean plucking technique (= tracks well), and (b) does not require a special pickup. The drawbacks have already been discussed.
Sound Samples: The middle solo in the song "Wildest dreams" by the great guitarist Steve Howe on the awful group "ASIA".
BTW do not confuse this synth with the "electro harmonix micr0 gu!t@r synth" which is nothing else than a standard fuzz box with a killer-sounding 4-pole VCF, a crude octave-down (using flipflops), and a crude octave up (using diodes). I've built one too. It's fun but too limited.
/ 360 Systems Polyphonic Guitar Syntesizer: This was the earliest (1976?) polyphonic guitar synth. Uses an hexaphonic pickup, and AFAIK uses the ramp-sample/hold method. It was HUGE and really cool.
Sound Samples: "Captain Fingers" by Lee Ritenour. Also there is a group called "Symphonic Slam" with Timo Lain, who supposedly was the first guitarist to use this mammoth synth. The record is in the public domain, download it! It has a lot of guitar synth on it. VERY COOL!
360 Systems Slavedriver : Mono pitch-to-cv using the same principle, requiring an hexaphonic pickup.
NED (New England Digital) Synclavier Digital Guitar also known as "Synclavier Guitar Interface": Used an analog fundamental detector for which there is a patent, and then the rest of the processing is digital. Suffered from a bit lag on the lowest (and thus, longer period) strings. It connects to the Synclavier. If you don't know what's a Synclavier, google it now, because that's a wonderful machine.
Sound Samples: Again, Pat Metheny uses it. He also has a modified guitar for the GR-300 that can drive the GR-300 and the Synclavier GUitar Interface simultaneously. Why? Because he can afford it.
finally... entering the modern era:
Roland GR-33 and others: Have no idea how they do it internally but they are still limited in speed at the lower (thickest) guitar strings, because the period of the waveform is longer.
If you need SPEED you need to use other approaches, such as:
Synthaxe: Google it and write back to me what do you think about it. I want one.
AXON guitar synth: Now this is the state-of-the art. When you pluck a string, before the musical note sounds, there is a pulse train (heard as plucking noise) that is actually related to the length of the string (= position of the finger in the fretboard), and to the place where you plucked the string.
This pulse train/"plucking noise" is processed digitally by a neural network that spits out (a) what is the pitch of the note, and (b) where did you plucked the string (i.e. near the bridge, near the neck). And it finds out this actually BEFORE the sound starts to come out of the guitar. SIMPLY AMAZING!!
Sadly, seems that they haven't sold too many units.
Sound Samples: Again, Pat Metheny uses it. He also has a modified guitar for the GR-300 that can drive the GR-300 and the Synclavier GUitar Interface simultaneously. Why? Because he can afford it.
finally... entering the modern era:
Roland GR-33 and others: Have no idea how they do it internally but they are still limited in speed at the lower (thickest) guitar strings, because the period of the waveform is longer.
If you need SPEED you need to use other approaches, such as:
Synthaxe: Google it and write back to me what do you think about it. I want one.
AXON guitar synth: Now this is the state-of-the art. When you pluck a string, before the musical note sounds, there is a pulse train (heard as plucking noise) that is actually related to the length of the string (= position of the finger in the fretboard), and to the place where you plucked the string.
This pulse train/"plucking noise" is processed digitally by a neural network that spits out (a) what is the pitch of the note, and (b) where did you plucked the string (i.e. near the bridge, near the neck). And it finds out this actually BEFORE the sound starts to come out of the guitar. SIMPLY AMAZING!!
Sadly, seems that they haven't sold too many units.
This is the patent for the NED Synclavier Guitar Interface period detector, instead of detecting the zero-crossings, it detects the peak of the waveform and "memorizes" the last peak.
Pitch extractor apparatus and the like
Pitch extractor apparatus and the like
This is the patent of the Roland GR-300, check out the "variable bandpass filter":
Guitar synthesizer
The sample&hold circuit is very simple in this synth.
Guitar synthesizer
The sample&hold circuit is very simple in this synth.
thanks for the infomation flavio, been really busy today so only had time to skim read it. Going to print it all out and have a good read over it tomorrow. From what i can gather some really useful stuff there, although im sure that some of it is going to be beyond my current level of understanding so going to have to have a read elsewhere to get my theory up to scratch!
I have just ordered another LM331 (think my old one might of been damaged) Hopefuly should be here tomorrow or friday. I know you have said the tachometer is the worst way to do it, but if i get this working with a few other parts of the puzzle then at least I could have something working (albeit slow) Then I can impove the designs? Hopefuly getting onto a sample & hold method.
I have until around april to have this done, although a semifunctioning prototype would be good by the new year.
Will get on to answering your questions, just wanted to reply now since you have put alot of effort into providing me with someuseful info!
I have just ordered another LM331 (think my old one might of been damaged) Hopefuly should be here tomorrow or friday. I know you have said the tachometer is the worst way to do it, but if i get this working with a few other parts of the puzzle then at least I could have something working (albeit slow) Then I can impove the designs? Hopefuly getting onto a sample & hold method.
I have until around april to have this done, although a semifunctioning prototype would be good by the new year.
Will get on to answering your questions, just wanted to reply now since you have put alot of effort into providing me with someuseful info!
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