How do I know how much damping to place in a ported cabinet?

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Sufficient until the speaker is critically damped. How?

Well, put the speaker in the cabinet and wire to it a simple 1.5V cell. Connect 1 wire of the spk to the bat, and the other by means of a momentary switch. When you have the speaker underdamper, and when letting the current flow by the voice coil, you will heard a sound like a "pop". This is because the low internal resistance of the cell dampers electrically the cone. Now, when you break the connection, the voice col will return to the rest position, and no longer is damped by the cell. You will heard something like a "boom" sound. Repeat the procedure increasing the damper material until both sounds seems together, both must sound like a "pop", or the grade of dampering you want. This is the easiest way I know.

The booming sound is because the standing waves in the cab. When no reflections appears, it correspond to the critically damped movement.
 
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